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(Acknowledgments)Tj
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("Originality," it has been said, "is merely unconscious plagiarism." Bec\
ause the ideas in this book derive )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(from so many sources, I have not always been able to remember whom to cr\
edit. My apologies to those )Tj
T*
(not explicitly cited, and my thanks to all. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Daniel Goleman and Robert Eckhardt provided early encouragement for the \
writing of this book. The )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Holmes Center for Research in Holistic Healing and the Monteverde Founda\
tion graciously awarded me )Tj
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(grants. )Tj
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(I wish to thank Dr. William Dement who provided laboratory space at the \
Stanford Sleep Research )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Center for my experiments, and Dr. Lynn Nagel for his crucial assistance\
at the beginning of our work. I )Tj
T*
(also wish to thank my research assistants for their help, and all of the\
Oneironauts who participated in )Tj
T*
(our lucid dream project, especially Dr. Beverly Kedzierski. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(A number of individuals have my gratitude for reading and commenting upo\
n various drafts of the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(manuscript; they include Loma Catford, Henry Greenberg, Dorothy Marie Jo\
nes, Lynne Levitan, Robert )Tj
T*
(Ornstein, Howard Rhinegold and Jon Singer. I am also indebted to Jeremy \
Tarcher for sage advice, and )Tj
T*
(to Hank Stine and Laurie LaBerge who heroically edited the entire manusc\
ript. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Finally, I am grateful to L. P. for only she knows how much. )Tj
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(Foreword)Tj
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(Stephen LaBerge has done something unusual: he has shown that what was o\
nce thought to be )Tj
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(impossible in the realm of consciousness is in fact possible. He has pro\
ven scientifically that people can )Tj
T*
(be fully conscious while remaining asleep and dreaming at the same time.\
How he has done this makes a )Tj
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(fascinating story told in the first section of this book. )Tj
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(LaBerge's proof is important because it shows, once again, that the poss\
ibilities of human consciousness )Tj
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(are greater than we had thought. Many scientists had believed that dream\
s were in their very nature )Tj
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("irrational" and "unconscious." From this perspective, lucid dreaming wa\
s beyond the pale. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Incorrect conceptions frequently act as barriers to understanding, there\
by concealing possibilities from )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(view. To give a parallel example, it was once considered impossible to r\
un a mile in less than four )Tj
T*
(minutes. In fact, this idea seemed to form a real barrier for many runne\
rs until one man succeeded. Soon )Tj
T*
(after this conceptual barrier was broken, many others found themselves a\
ble to run four-minute miles. )Tj
T*
(We seem to attempt only what we assume to be possible. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The same principle holds for consciousness, and LaBerge's demonstration \
of the possibility of conscious )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(and deliberate action in the dream state may serve to inspire others to \
do the same. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(For readers interested in developing the skill of lucid dreaming, LaBerg\
e's book provides not only )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(inspiration, but also advice and techniques showing how to become a luci\
d dreamer and how to make )Tj
T*
(practical use of the state for stimulating personal growth, enhancing se\
lf-confidence, promoting mental )Tj
T*
(and perhaps also physical health, and facilitating creative problem solv\
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(Dr. LaBerge has written a provocative and eminently readable book. Reade\
rs of the last section of )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Dreaming )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(especially will be richly rewarded with ideas and insights that forbid, \
in the words of William )Tj
T*
(James, "a premature closing of our accounts with reality." The author ha\
s shown that lucid dreaming\227)Tj
T*
(as much as any other activity\227if followed with an open and sensitive \
mind, can lead to a more unified )Tj
T*
(understanding of consciousness. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
31.86971 -2.55714 Td
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(Awake in Your Dreams)Tj
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(As I wandered through a high-vaulted corridor deep within a mighty citad\
el, I paused to admire the )Tj
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(magnificent architecture. )Tj
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(Somehow the contemplation of these majestic surroundings stimulated the \
realization that I was )Tj
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(dreaming! )Tj
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(In the light of my lucid consciousness, the already impressive splendor \
of the castle appeared )Tj
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(even more of a marvel, and with great excitement I began to explore the \
imaginary reality of my "castle )Tj
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(in the air." Walking down the hall, I could feel the cold hardness of th\
e stones beneath my feet and hear )Tj
T*
(the echo of my steps. Every element of this enchanting spectacle seemed \
real\227in spite of the fact that I )Tj
T*
(remained perfectly aware it was all a dream! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Fantastic as it may sound, I was in full possession of my waking faculti\
es while dreaming and soundly )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(asleep: I could think as clearly as ever, freely remember details of my \
waking life, and act deliberately )Tj
T*
(upon conscious reflection. Yet none of this diminished the vividness of \
my dream. Paradox or no, I was )Tj
T*
(awake in my dream! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Finding myself before two diverging passageways in the castle, I exercis\
ed my free will, choosing to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(take the right-hand one, and shortly came upon a stairway. Curious about\
where it might lead, I )Tj
T*
(descended the flight of steps and found myself near the top of an enormo\
us subterranean vault. From )Tj
T*
(where I stood at the foot of the stairs, the floor of the cavern sloped \
steeply down, fading in the distance )Tj
T*
(into darkness. Several hundred yards below I could see what appeared to \
be a fountain surrounded by )Tj
T*
(marble statuary. The idea of bathing in these symbolically renewing wate\
rs captured my fancy, and I )Tj
T*
(proceeded at once down the hillside. Not on foot, however, for whenever \
I want to get somewhere in my )Tj
T*
(dreams, I fly. As soon as I landed beside the pool, I was at once startl\
ed by the discovery that what from )Tj
T*
(above had seemed merely an inanimate statue now appeared unmistakably an\
d ominously alive. )Tj
T*
(Towering above the fountain stood a huge and intimidating genie, the Gua\
rdian of the Spring, as I )Tj
T*
(somehow immediately knew. All my instincts cried out "Flee!" But I remem\
bered that this terrifying )Tj
T*
(sight was only a dream. Emboldened by the thought, I cast aside fear and\
flew not away, but straight up )Tj
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(to the apparition. As is the way of dreams, no sooner was I within reach\
than we had somehow become )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(of )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(equal )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(size and I was able to look him in the eyes, face to face. Realizing tha\
t my fear had created his )Tj
T*
(terrible appearance, I resolved to embrace what I had been eager to reje\
ct, and with open arms and heart )Tj
T*
(I took both his hands in mine. As the dream slowly faded, the genie's po\
wer seemed to flow into me, and )Tj
T*
(I awoke filled with vibrant energy. I felt like I was ready for anything\
. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The dream I have just recounted is a sample of a little-explored and fas\
cinating world of inner )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(experiences. Being "awake in your dreams" provides the opportunity for u\
nique and compelling )Tj
T*
(adventures rarely surpassed elsewhere in life. That alone ought to be mo\
re than enough to spark the )Tj
T*
(interest of the adventurous in lucid dreaming, as this remarkable phenom\
enon of dreaming while being )Tj
T*
(fully conscious that you are dreaming is called. Yet adventure may prove\
to be the least important of a )Tj
T*
(variety of reasons you might find it rewarding to cultivate the skill of\
lucid dreaming. \(It )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(is )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(learnable, as )Tj
T*
(you will see in Chapter 6.\) For example, lucid dreaming has considerabl\
e potential for promoting )Tj
T*
(personal growth and self-development, enhancing self-confidence, improvi\
ng mental and physical )Tj
T*
(health, facilitating creative problem-solving, and helping you to progre\
ss on the path to self-mastery. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The foregoing list may strike some as extravagant, but I believe there i\
s substantial evidence supporting )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(these claims. The particulars will be dealt with in due course, but firs\
t it may be helpful to take a more )Tj
T*
(general approach. All of these applications of lucid dreaming sleep unde\
r the same blanket: They each )Tj
T*
(possess, to a greater or lesser extent, the potential for improving the \
quality of your life and enhancing )Tj
T*
(your sense of well-being by enriching, broadening, and even radically tr\
ansforming the varieties of )Tj
T*
(experience open to you as a human being. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The suggestion that lucid dreams could improve the quality of your life \
applies to both your everyday )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(and everynight life. One reason for this is that whatever wisdom you acq\
uire in your lucid dreams seems )Tj
T*
(to remain at your disposal to help you live your waking life. Moreover, \
the reverse is equally true: You )Tj
T*
(can remember the lessons you have learned in waking life in your lucid d\
reams. Unfortunately, neither is )Tj
T*
(usually the case for the ordinary dreamer, who experiences a lack of con\
nection between dreams and )Tj
T*
(waking life. Typically, non-lucid dreamers suffer from a state-specific \
form of amnesia, so that while )Tj
T*
(awake they remember their dreams only with difficulty, and while asleep \
they recall their waking lives )Tj
T*
(through a carnival mirror, darkly and distortedly, or not at all. You mi\
ght conceivably ask, Is this so )Tj
T*
(bad? Why should it matter whether we live two lives or one? By way of an\
answer, I would offer an )Tj
T*
(analogy: Suppose the odd and even days of the months were for some reaso\
n so unrelated for you that )Tj
T*
(on any given day you could only remember thoughts and actions from )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(half )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(the even or the odd, as the )Tj
T*
(case might be\) of your past. I leave it to you: Would this be so bad? I\
n lucid dreams, however, the veil of )Tj
T*
(amnesia is lifted, and with the help of memory, lucidity builds a bridge\
between the two worlds of day )Tj
T*
(and night. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(A skeptic might object that this analogy is misleading. After all, the o\
dd and even days of waking life )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(are equally valuable, but what is the world of dreams able to offer that\
compares to the world of waking )Tj
T*
(reality? Is a bridge between our waking and dream worlds worth the troub\
le? Specifically, what sort of )Tj
T*
(return could you expect on the time and energy needed to seriously culti\
vate dreams in general and lucid )Tj
T*
(dreams in particular? )Tj
ET
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(A number of answers could be given. One line of argument might start fro\
m Freud's conception of the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dream as the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Via Regia, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(or royal road to the unconscious mind. Anyone interested in personal gro\
wth )Tj
T*
(can hardly afford to ignore the insights derived from a study of his or \
her own dreams. And to reap the )Tj
T*
(fullest harvest from the dream state requires lucidity. In a word, dream\
s are a must for those interested in )Tj
T*
(self-development. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Mental health aside, what else does the world of dreams have to offer? T\
he answer that springs first to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(mind is "physical health." For one thing, the distinction between "menta\
l" and "physical" is not always )Tj
T*
(easy to make, and is in fact based on outdated philosophies. The more mo\
dern, "systems" view sees )Tj
T*
(health as a matter of integration of the whole person. "Integration," he\
re refers to the coordinated )Tj
T*
(functioning of the human biosystem as a unit. For )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Homo sapiens, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(this involves interactions among at )Tj
T*
(least three levels of organization: the biological, the psychological, a\
nd the sociological. The intuitive )Tj
T*
(appeal of this conception of health seems clear enough as it is. Still, \
it seems even more sensible if one )Tj
T*
(considers some of the synonyms of )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(health, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(such as )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(wholesome, sound, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(and )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(hale: )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(all share the root )Tj
T*
(meaning of integration or wholeness. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(I stress the concept of wholeness at this point because it will help you\
appreciate the emphasis I place on )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(self-integration later in this chapter. Also, it sets the stage for pres\
enting the fact that psychological )Tj
T*
(events of the dream can indeed affect biological functioning of the body\
, as the experiments at Stanford )Tj
T*
(University have shown. Considering that most diseases have at least a pa\
rtial psychosomatic component, )Tj
T*
(there may even be reason to believe that lucid dreams can be used to fac\
ilitate the healing of )Tj
T*
(psychosomatic syndromes. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(One more application of lucid dreaming should be mentioned: creative pro\
blem solving and decision )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(making. In the course of history, dreams have frequently been credited a\
s an important source of )Tj
T*
(creativity in a wide range of human endeavors, including literature, sci\
ence, engineering, painting, )Tj
T*
(music, cinema, and even sports. Among the first creative dreamers to com\
e to mind is Robert Louis )Tj
T*
(Stevenson, who attributed many of his writings to dreams, including )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and )Tj
T*
(Mr. Hyde; )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(an even more famous example is Samuel Taylor Coleridge and his opium-dre\
am poem, )Tj
T*
("Kubla Khan." Among scientists, we may cite the nineteenth-century Germa\
n chemist Friedrich August )Tj
T*
(Kekul\351's dream discovery of the structure of the benzene molecule, an\
d Otto Loewi's dream-inspired )Tj
T*
(experiment demonstrating the chemical mediation of nerve impulses, which\
won him the Nobel prize for )Tj
T*
(physiology in 1938. In the field of engineering, there are several insta\
nces of inventions revealed in )Tj
T*
(dreams, including Elias Howe's sewing machine. Painters also attribute s\
ome of their works to dreams; )Tj
T*
(William Blake and Paul Klee provide two of the best-documented cases. Li\
kewise, among composers, )Tj
T*
(we find that quite a number\227including Mozart, Beethoven, Wagner, Tart\
ini, and Saint-Saens\227have )Tj
T*
(credited dreams as a source of inspiration. As for cinema, there are man\
y instances of dream-inspired )Tj
T*
(films\227to cite a few at random, Alain Resnais's )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Last Year at Marienbad, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Ingmar Bergman's )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Hour of the )Tj
T*
(Wolf, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(and Judith Guest's screenplay for )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Ordinary People. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Finally, the famous golfer, Jack Nicklaus, )Tj
T*
(claims to have made a discovery in a dream that improved his game by ten\
strokes\227overnight! These )Tj
T*
(examples will have served their purpose if you are now willing to accept\
the premise that people have )Tj
T*
(not infrequently received creative ideas in dreams. )Tj
ET
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(Up until now, we have had little or no control over the occurrence of cr\
eative dreams. But at this point, it )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(seems well within the realm of possibility that the fantastic and hereto\
fore unruly creativity of the dream )Tj
T*
(state might be brought within our conscious control by means of lucid dr\
eaming. Kekule's words on the )Tj
T*
(occasion of presenting his dream discovery to his colleagues are worth r\
epeating: )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
("Gentlemen"\227to which I hasten to add, "and ladies"\227 "let us learn \
to dream." )Tj
T*
(Let us turn now from such possibly prosaic applications of lucid dreamin\
g to what is perhaps its most )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(sublime potentiality. Suppose I were to tell you that hidden within your\
dreams there is a precious jewel, )Tj
T*
(a treasure of incalculable value if you were to find it. But to find it,\
you must first master the power of )Tj
T*
(being awake in your dreams. The reason why is easily explained. If you h\
ad lost something, say the key )Tj
T*
(to your house, would you sooner find it searching with your eyes open or\
closed? What is obvious in )Tj
T*
(regard to your outer vision applies, I believe, analogously to your inne\
r vision. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In most of our dreams, our inner eye of reflection is shut and we sleep \
within our sleep. We are usually )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(unconscious that what we are doing is dreaming. There are profound possi\
bilities inherent in the dream )Tj
T*
(state, but it is difficult to take advantage of them if we fail to recog\
nize them until after we awaken. )Tj
T*
(Fortunately, while this condition of ignorance is usually the rule, it i\
s not the only rule. The exception )Tj
T*
(takes place when we "awaken" within our dreams\227without disturbing or \
ending the dream state\227and )Tj
T*
(learn to recognize that we are dreaming while the dream is still happeni\
ng. During such lucid dreams we )Tj
T*
(become and remain fully conscious of the fact that we are dreaming\227an\
d therefore that we are asleep. )Tj
T*
(Thus we are, in a sense, simultaneously both "awake" and "asleep." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Asleep but conscious? Conscious yet dreaming? Phrases such as these may \
seem at first glance to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(embody the very essence of self-contradiction. However, this paradox is \
only an apparent one. It is )Tj
T*
(resolved by realizing that "asleep" and "conscious" refer, here, to two \
entirely different domains. I say )Tj
T*
(that lucid dreamers are asleep in regard to the physical world because t\
hey are not in conscious sensory )Tj
T*
(contact with it; likewise, they are awake to the inner worlds of their d\
reams because they are in )Tj
T*
(conscious contact with them. It is in this precise sense that I speak of\
being "awake in your dreams." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(While I am clarifying terms, I have been speaking of the lucid dreamer a\
s "conscious." What exactly )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(does this mean? In general terms, you are acting consciously if you know\
what you are doing while you )Tj
T*
(are doing it, and are able to spell it out explicitly. So if, you can sa\
y to yourself while dreaming that )Tj
T*
("what I am doing just now is )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(dreaming)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(," you are, in fact, conscious. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Most of our behavior, whether waking or dreaming, is relatively unconsci\
ous, because consciousness is )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(limited\227in the sense that we can only focus our attention on one thin\
g, or at most a few things, at a )Tj
T*
(time. We cannot, therefore, be conscious of everything around us at any \
given time. But still we tend to )Tj
T*
(be less conscious than we could be, and this is because "paying attentio\
n" requires mental effort. Under )Tj
T*
(normal circumstances we only take the trouble to be as conscious of any \
aspect of our current )Tj
T*
(experiential world as we need to be. More precisely, we tend to focus at\
tention only where we believe it )Tj
ET
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(is necessary for achieving our current goals. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Under most ordinary circumstances, our lives are so predictably arranged\
that unconscious habits are )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(adequate to get us where we want to go. Thus, for example, if you habitu\
ally drive to work, you do so )Tj
T*
(with very little attention focused on what you are doing. Occasionally y\
ou have found yourself driving )Tj
T*
(to work on "automatic pilot," only to awaken from your reverie to the re\
alization that you were not, in )Tj
T*
(fact, intending to go to work at all! Habit was driving you to work; )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(you )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(actually may have wanted to go )Tj
T*
(out and buy a book about \(why not?\) lucid dreams! But once you became \
conscious that your automatic )Tj
T*
(behavior was not serving your intended goal, you were able to change del\
iberately course in order to )Tj
T*
(arrive at the bookstore. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This illustrates the special usefulness of conscious, deliberate action:\
it gives you more flexible and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(creative responses to unexpected, non-routine situations. Consciousness \
confers the same advantages on )Tj
T*
(the dream state as it does on the waking state. As a consequence, while \
awake in your dreams you are in )Tj
T*
(a unique position to respond creatively to the unexpected situations you\
can encounter there. This )Tj
T*
(quality of flexible control, which is characteristic of lucid dreams, br\
ings within reach a remarkable )Tj
T*
(range of possibilities\227from indulging your boldest fantasies to fulfi\
lling your highest spiritual )Tj
T*
(aspirations. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Consciousness brings the lucid dreamer other gifts besides the capacity \
for deliberate action. The lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreamer is also generally able to think clearly and to remember past exp\
erience and intentions. Lucid )Tj
T*
(dreamers can usually recall any particular plans they may have previousl\
y made regarding what they )Tj
T*
(would like to do in their dreams. This opens up a whole new approach to \
the scientific study of dreams )Tj
T*
(and consciousness, as will be described shortly. But for the average luc\
id dreamer, it means being able )Tj
T*
(to race one's fears in dreams, or to explore new realms of experience, o\
r to work on some particular )Tj
T*
(problem within the dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This new dimension in dreaming can be likened to seeing things in living\
color when before you saw )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(only the lifeless shades between black and white. The impact of the sudd\
en emergence of lucidity can be )Tj
T*
(profound. A hint of it might be conveyed to readers who have seen )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Wizard of Oz. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Who could forget )Tj
T*
(Dorothy's reaction when she unexpectedly found herself transported from \
the black-and-white world of )Tj
T*
(Kansas to the spectacular color of the Land of Oz? The lucid dreamer wou\
ld certainly agree with the )Tj
T*
(conclusion the astonished Dorothy shared with her canine companion upon \
arriving over the rainbow: )Tj
T*
("Toto, I don't think we're in Kansas anymore!" This cinematic example su\
ggests something of the )Tj
T*
(excitement and exhilaration that seems especially characteristic of a dr\
eamer's first experience of full )Tj
T*
(lucidity. However, this feeling has not altogether disappeared from my o\
wn lucid dreams even after the )Tj
T*
(nearly nine hundred such experiences I have recorded since 1977. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The impact resulting from the emergence of lucidity is probably proporti\
onal to the clarity and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(completeness of the dreamer's change of consciousness. There are degrees\
of lucidity, and the common )Tj
T*
(experience of awakening from a nightmare after realizing it was "only a \
dream" is typical of the lower )Tj
T*
(ranges \(or why escape from what is "only a dream"?\), and is usually ac\
companied by no greater feeling )Tj
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(than relative relief. But the full-blown lucid dream, in which the dream\
er stays in the dream for a period )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(extended enough to allow the experience of wonder, can be associated wit\
h an electrifying sensation of )Tj
T*
(rebirth and the discovery of a new world of experience. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(First-time lucid dreamers are often overwhelmed by the realization that \
they have never before )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(experienced their dreams with all their being, and now they are utterly \
awake in their sleep! This is how )Tj
T*
(one lucid dreamer described the expanded sense of aliveness brought by t\
he lightning flash of lucidity: )Tj
T*
(he felt himself possessed of a sense of freedom "as never before"; the d\
ream was suffused with such )Tj
T*
(vital animation that "the darkness itself seemed alive." At this point, \
a thought presented itself with such )Tj
T*
(undeniable force that he was driven to declare: "I have never been awake\
before." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This is an extreme, but by no means uncharacteristic, instance of the ov\
erwhelming impact the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(emergence of lucidity sometimes brings. To take another example, let us \
consider one young woman's )Tj
T*
(first lucid dream. On the night before it took place, she had read a sho\
rt piece by Scott Sparrow, entitled )Tj
T*
("Lucid Dreaming as an Evolutionary Process." The article described the o\
rdinary dream state as "a level )Tj
T*
(where man is still a child" and compared the development of lucid dreami\
ng to the earlier development )Tj
T*
(of consciousness in primitive humanity, making repeated references to th\
e "infantile ego" and stressing )Tj
T*
(the importance of "taking responsibility" for our disowned conflicts and\
especially for the immature )Tj
T*
(aspects of our personalities. Evidently these ideas made a profound impr\
ession on her mind\227both )Tj
T*
(conscious and unconscious\227for she went to bed with a strong desire to\
give lucidity a try, and )Tj
T*
(sometime after dawn, dreamed that she "seemed to be responsible for a ba\
by which was very messy and )Tj
T*
(sitting on a pot." \(Shades of "taking responsibility" for the "infantil\
e ego"!\) She went looking for a )Tj
T*
(bathroom in order to clean up the baby "without being noticed." As she p\
icked up the baby, she )Tj
T*
(distinctly felt "that it should be older and better trained." When she l\
ooked more closely at the child's )Tj
T*
(face, she found it full of wisdom, and suddenly she knew that she was dr\
eaming. Excitedly, she "tried to )Tj
T*
(remember the advice in the article," but the only thought that came to m\
ind was a phrase of her own: )Tj
T*
("Ultimate Experience." Leaving behind the concerns dealt with in her bed\
time reading, she felt herself )Tj
T*
(taken over by a "blissful sensation... of blending and melting with colo\
rs and light" that continued to )Tj
T*
(unfold, "opening up into a total 'orgasm.'" Afterward, she "gently float\
ed into waking consciousness and )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(was left with "a feeling of bubbling joy" that persisted for a week or m\
ore.)Tj
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( )Tj
-30.14014 -2.55714 Td
(The carry-over of positive feelings into the waking state shown in this \
example is an important feature of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lucid dreaming. Dreams, remembered or not, can color our mood for a good\
part of the day. Just as the )Tj
T*
(negative aftereffect of "bad" dreams can cause us to feel as if we got u\
p "on the wrong side of the bed," )Tj
T*
(the positive feelings of a good dream can give us an emotional uplift, h\
elping us to start the day with )Tj
T*
(confidence and vigor. This is all the more true of an inspirational luci\
d dream: As a result of such )Tj
T*
(experiences, lucid dreamers may be motivated to try out new behaviors le\
ading to psychological growth )Tj
T*
(and positive changes in their waking lives. Since we are free to try out\
untested behaviors in our lucid )Tj
T*
(dreams without fear of harming ourselves or others, the lucid dream stat\
e provides a uniquely secure )Tj
T*
(environment for personal \(as well as scientific\) experimentation\227a \
laboratory as well as a playground )Tj
T*
(for developing new ways of living. )Tj
ET
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(Fully lucid dreams produce an effect on the dreamer's thinking that is n\
o less profound than the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(emotional impact associated with the emergence of lucidity. To understan\
d why this impact is so )Tj
T*
(powerful, it is first necessary to consider the way in which ordinary dr\
eamers experience being in the )Tj
T*
(dream world. Non-lucid dreamers perceive themselves as being contained w\
ithin the experiential world )Tj
T*
(of their dreams. Whether they play starring roles or are only pawns in t\
he dream game, they are still )Tj
T*
(contained in a dream that they take for external reality. As long as the\
y perceive themselves contained in )Tj
T*
(this world, they are sentenced to a virtual prison with walls no less im\
penetrable for the fact that they are )Tj
T*
(made of delusion. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In contrast, lucid dreamers realize that they themselves contain, and th\
us transcend, the entire dream )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(world and all of its contents, because they know that their imaginations\
have created the dream. So the )Tj
T*
(transition to lucidity turns dreamers' worlds upside down. Rather than s\
eeing themselves as a mere part )Tj
T*
(of the whole, they see themselves as the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(container )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(rather than the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(contents. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Thus they freely pass )Tj
T*
(through dream prison walls that only seemed impenetrable, and venture fo\
rth into the larger world of the )Tj
T*
(mind. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Although lucid dreamers normally continue to take the leading role in th\
eir dream plays, they no longer )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(fully identify with the part they are playing. They are in the dream, bu\
t not altogether of it. This )Tj
T*
(detached but not uninterested frame of mind allows them to confront othe\
rwise fearful nightmares and )Tj
T*
(anxieties, and by resolving inner conflicts, furthers psychological deve\
lopment toward self-integration )Tj
T*
(and inner harmony. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(One of my own experiences can serve as an example of how the awareness t\
hat you are dreaming can )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(help you overcome anxieties and move toward harmony. I dreamed that I wa\
s in the middle of a )Tj
T*
(classroom riot; a furious mob was raging about, throwing chairs and trad\
ing punches. A huge, repulsive )Tj
T*
(barbarian with a pockmarked face, the Goliath among them, had me hopeles\
sly locked in an iron grip )Tj
T*
(from which I was desperately trying to free myself. At this point, I rec\
ognized I was dreaming, and )Tj
T*
(remembering what I had learned from handling similar situations previous\
ly, I immediately stopped )Tj
T*
(struggling. As soon as I realized the struggle was a dream, I knew that \
as a matter of principle, the )Tj
T*
(conflict was with myself. It was clear that this repulsive barbarian was\
a dream personification of )Tj
T*
(something I wanted to deny and set myself apart from. Perhaps it was mer\
ely a representation of )Tj
T*
(someone, or some quality in another, that I disliked. But since whatever\
it was touched me closely and )Tj
T*
(deeply enough to cause me to have this dream, I knew that the way to inn\
er harmony lay in accepting )Tj
T*
(whatever I might find in myself\227even the odious barbarian\227as part \
of myself. Doing so invariably )Tj
T*
(resolved my dream conflicts and brought me closer to my goal of self-int\
egration. My experience had )Tj
T*
(shown me that, in the dream world at least, the best and perhaps only ul\
timately effective way to bring )Tj
T*
(hate and conflict to an end was to love my enemies as myself. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(When I attained lucidity in this particular dream and stopped fighting \(\
with myself, I assumed\) I was )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(absolutely certain about the proper course of action. I knew only love c\
ould truly resolve my inner )Tj
T*
(conflict, and I tried to feel loving as I stood face to face with my ogr\
e. At first I failed utterly, feeling )Tj
T*
(only revulsion and disgust for the ogre. He was simply too ugly to love:\
that was my visceral reaction. )Tj
T*
(But I tried to ignore the image and seek love within my own heart. Findi\
ng it, I looked my ogre in the )Tj
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(eyes, trusting my intuition to supply the right things to say. Beautiful\
words of acceptance flowed out of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(me, and as they did, he melted into me. As for the riot, it had vanished\
without a trace. The dream was )Tj
T*
(over, and I awoke feeling wonderfully calm. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Up to this point, I have mentioned only possibilities. At present only o\
ne area of application for lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreaming has been established to any degree; this is lucid dreaming as a\
tool for scientific research on )Tj
T*
(the psychophysiological nature of the dream state, which provides a mode\
l for a powerful approach to )Tj
T*
(research on human consciousness as well. For several years now, at the S\
tanford University Sleep )Tj
T*
(Laboratory, we have been using lucid dreaming as a tool to study mind-bo\
dy relationships. For the first )Tj
T*
(time in history, we have been able to receive on-the-scene reports from \
the dream world as dream events )Tj
T*
(happen \(or, I should say, seem to happen\). At Stanford and elsewhere, \
lucid dreamers in laboratories )Tj
T*
(have been able to signal to observers while remaining physiologically as\
leep. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Such messages from the dream world prove beyond any reasonable doubt tha\
t lucid dreams normally )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(occur exclusively during the "rapid eye movement" \(REM\) stage of sleep\
. This remarkable brain state )Tj
T*
(has also been called "paradoxical sleep" since the late 1950s, when expe\
riments revealed it to be a much )Tj
T*
(more active state than the traditional view of sleep as a passive condit\
ion of withdrawal from the world )Tj
T*
(would allow. The active REM periods normally last ten to thirty minutes \
and recur every sixty to ninety )Tj
T*
(minutes throughout the night \(about four to five times per night\). The\
y alternate cyclically with )Tj
T*
(relatively quiet phases of sleep, referred to as "non-REM," "quiet sleep\
," and a variety of other names. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(All normal people go through this pattern of quiet sleep, active sleep, \
quiet sleep, and so on throughout )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(their sleeping lives. Experiments have shown that during REM sleep, ever\
ybody dreams, every night\227)Tj
T*
(whether they remember anything or not. During the four or five REM perio\
ds you will pass through )Tj
T*
(tonight, your dreaming brain will in most cases be considerably more act\
ive than it is right now\227unless )Tj
T*
(you happen to be reading this book while jogging, making love, or drowni\
ng! In spite of REM's )Tj
T*
(paradoxical and unexpected properties, all the experts agree \(for once!\
\) that it is a )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(bona fide )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(form of )Tj
T*
(genuine sleep. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The same cannot be said quite yet for lucid dreaming, and indeed this ph\
enomenon would seem to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(qualify as the strangest paradox yet to emerge from paradoxical sleep. W\
hat makes lucid dreaming so )Tj
T*
(paradoxical is that lucid dreamers, while being completely out of sensor\
y contact and therefore fully )Tj
T*
(asleep to the outer world, are at the same time fully conscious of their\
dreams and as much \(or nearly so\) )Tj
T*
(in possession of their mental faculties as when awake. They seem to qual\
ify, then, as being fully awake )Tj
T*
(to the inner worlds of their dreams. Among the majority of professional \
sleep researchers, such a notion )Tj
T*
(seemed so difficult to credit, before our unequivocal proof to the contr\
ary at Stanford, that it was )Tj
T*
(generally assumed that accounts of so-called lucid dreaming resulted fro\
m the waking fantasies of )Tj
T*
(overly imaginative minds. To most sleep and dream researchers, it seemed\
that such things as lucid )Tj
T*
(dreams did not\227could not\227take place during sleep at all. And if lu\
cid dreams, whatever they were, )Tj
T*
(were not a phenomenon of sleep, then they became someone else's problem,\
outside the scope of sleep )Tj
T*
(research, and that was that. Philosophers have also tended to find anecd\
otes of lucid dreaming )Tj
T*
(problematic and even absurd, and this is one of the reasons that the mer\
e existence of lucid dreams is )Tj
T*
(conceptually important. The proven fact of lucid dreaming effectively ch\
allenges a number of )Tj
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(conventionally held misconceptions about dreaming, consciousness, and re\
ality. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
("Dreams are a reservoir of knowledge and experience," writes Tarthang Tu\
lku, a contemporary Tibetan )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(teacher, "yet they are often overlooked as a vehicle for exploring reali\
ty.")Tj
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( )Tj
-29.74814 -2.55714 Td
(Among such vehicles, lucid dreaming is a flying carpet. In the course of\
lucid dream explorations, a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(number of unexpected findings have been brought to light that may provid\
e the keys to unlocking )Tj
T*
(previously impenetrable mysteries of the world\227such as why dreams see\
m real. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The fact is, dreams seem so completely real that they regularly deceive \
us into an unquestioning )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(acceptance of their reality for as long as we sleep. Why is this? People\
have tended in the past to )Tj
T*
(consider dreams as much more deeply related to fantasy than to actuality\
. But if dreams are nothing )Tj
T*
(more than imagination, we ought to be able to recognize them for what th\
ey are, as easily as we are able )Tj
T*
(to distinguish daydreams from actual perceptions, or memories of such pe\
rceptions from the originals. )Tj
T*
(Perhaps we "ought" to be able to be lucid in our dreams without effort, \
but the fact is we aren't. If a valid )Tj
T*
(argument leads to false conclusions, one or more of its premises must be\
wrong. In this case, the false )Tj
T*
(premise seems to be the presumption linking dreaming more closely to ima\
gination than to perception. )Tj
T*
(Indeed, a series of our experiments provides evidence that, from the poi\
nt of view of both dreamers and )Tj
T*
(their brains \(and to a lesser extent, bodies\), dreaming of doing somet\
hing is more like actually doing it )Tj
T*
(than like imagining it. This, I would suggest, is why dreams seem so rea\
l to us. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(What is it about dreams that grants them honorary reality? The answer is\
partly that dreams\227lucid ones )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(particularly\227are not, as they have been sometimes supposed, "children\
of an idle brain," but rather of an )Tj
T*
(extremely active one. As a result, dreams can produce as great an impact\
on the dreamer's brain as )Tj
T*
(waking experience; correspondingly, dreams feel experientially real, or \
"more real than real"\227while )Tj
T*
(they last. For example, sexual encounters\227including orgasm\227during \
lucid dreams are reported to seem )Tj
T*
(vividly real and gratifyingly pleasurable. Accordingly, our laboratory s\
tudies have revealed that sexual )Tj
T*
(lucid dreams show physiological changes remarkably similar to those that\
accompany actual sexual )Tj
T*
(activity \(see Chapter 4\). From these findings, we can see that dream c\
ontent produces real and )Tj
T*
(substantial effects on our brains and bodies, and that we probably ought\
to take dreams \(our own in )Tj
T*
(particular\) more seriously than we in the contemporary Western world ge\
nerally do. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(As I suggested earlier, within the unexplored depths of your unconscious\
mind there may be untold )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(riches; if this is so, as an ancient tradition testifies, among them is \
a treasure of incalculable value. It is )Tj
T*
(said that if you were to find this most precious jewel, your experience \
of living would be transformed )Tj
T*
("beyond your wildest dreams." I trust it is obvious that we are not talk\
ing here of riches of the sort you )Tj
T*
(can deposit in your bank. As the alchemical saying puts it, "Our gold is\
not the gold of the vulgar." As it )Tj
T*
(happens, the hidden "treasure," or "jewel," or "gold" of which we have b\
een speaking is sometimes )Tj
T*
(identified by various spiritual traditions as finding out the secret of \
who you really are. In this regard, the )Tj
T*
(Sufi master Tariqavi has written that when you meet yourself, "you come \
into a permanent endowment )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(and bequest of knowledge that is like no other experience on earth.")Tj
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(The Tibetan Buddhists, since the eighth century at least, have laid part\
icular value on lucid dreaming as )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(a path to self-discovery. Tarthang Tulku has written that "realizing whi\
le dreaming that a dream is a )Tj
T*
(dream can be of great benefit." For example, "we can use our dream exper\
iences to develop a more )Tj
T*
(flexible attitude," and "we can learn to change ourselves as well." As a\
result of practicing lucid )Tj
T*
(dreaming, "our experiences in waking life become more vivid and varied. \
... This kind of awareness, )Tj
T*
(based on dream practice, can help create an inner balance" that not only\
"nourishes the mind in a way )Tj
T*
(that nurtures the whole living organism" but "illuminates previously uns\
een facets of the mind and lights )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(the way for us to explore ever-new dimensions of reality.")Tj
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( )Tj
-23.64914 -2.55714 Td
(There is a famous story in which someone explains that he has been looki\
ng for the key he lost )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(inside )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(his )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(house )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(outside )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(under a streetlamp, "because there's more light there." Thus people look\
for the precious )Tj
T*
(jewel of which I have spoken \(or, in the terms of the story, the key to\
their real identities\) in the wrong )Tj
T*
(place\227outside in the world. There may be more light out there, but th\
e key is to be found inside their )Tj
T*
(houses \(that is, their inner worlds\)\227though not easily, if they sea\
rch for it groping about in the dark. )Tj
T*
(With the light of lucidity illuminating some of the darkness of your unc\
onscious mind, why shouldn't it )Tj
T*
(be easier to find your lost key? In other words, with the light of your \
consciousness illuminating the )Tj
T*
(unconscious darkness of your dream world, shouldn't it be easier to find\
the treasures there? )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Richard Wagner would probably have been delighted to discover the existe\
nce of lucid dreams, for they )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(make possible the achievement of a goal the celebrated musician set for \
the future over a hundred years )Tj
T*
(ago: making the unconscious conscious. Wagner's aspiration has been shar\
ed by a number of illustrious )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(individuals since then, including the father of modern dream psychology,\
Sigmund Freud. Freud's motto )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(and psychoanalytic battle cry was )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
("Wo Es war, soll Ich werden!" )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(In English, this may be rendered as )Tj
T*
("where it [the unconscious mind, or the id] was, I [the conscious mind o\
r ego] shall be." On this point, )Tj
T*
(Carl Jung, the most famous of Freud's rebellious disciples, agreed with \
the master, viewing the goal of )Tj
T*
(psychotherapy as a state of "completed individuation" uniting the opposi\
ng conscious and unconscious )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(poles of personality. Recently, a follower of Jung's school explicitly m\
ade the connection we have been )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(considering, proposing that the culmination of the individuation process\
"leads to the lucid dream state )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(in which man's conscious and unconscious minds are made finally one.")Tj
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(However intriguing these accounts of lucid dreams and their possible app\
lications may sound, if )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(you )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 -1.2 TD
(rarely or never have had lucid dreams, this fact might understandably da\
mpen your enthusiasm. Indeed, )Tj
T*
(lucid dreams are quite uncommon events for most of us. Most people have \
experienced lucid dreaming )Tj
T*
(at least once in their lives\227for some it may have been only a fleetin\
g glimpse\227yet for all but a few of )Tj
T*
(us, lucid dreams occur so infrequently as to call into question the usef\
ulness of this undeniably )Tj
T*
(interesting state of consciousness. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(If)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
( this situation were to prove not only usual but unalterable as well, )Tj
T*
(the widespread application of lucid dreaming would remain an impossible \
dream. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(If)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
( lucid dreaming were )Tj
T*
(to remain nothing more than an insignificant exception to the general ru\
le of unconsciousness in dreams, )Tj
T*
(lucid dreams would be doomed to remain a mere curiosity, of theoretical \
interest only to dream experts )Tj
T*
(and philosophers. )Tj
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(Fortunately, it now seems possible for ordinary dreamers to learn to hav\
e lucid dreams much more )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(frequently than would normally occur by chance. Thanks largely to recent\
ly developed techniques, you )Tj
T*
(can probably learn to have them whenever and as often as you like\227if \
you are willing to practice. The )Tj
T*
(fact that lucid dreaming is indeed a learnable skill keeps alive the hop\
e that the lucid dreaming state may )Tj
T*
(prove to have wide applications along the lines we have been tracing. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(We have been considering a number of the reasons you might find developi\
ng the ability of lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreaming worthwhile. Almost all of them depend upon your having a desire\
to go further in your life. )Tj
T*
(This may take the form of longing for a richer, wider range of experienc\
e, looking for a challenge, or )Tj
T*
(wanting to discover who you really are. Possibly you have developed, as \
Baudelaire put it, "a taste for )Tj
T*
(the infinite." Or perhaps you have your heart set upon the discovery and\
actualization of hidden talents. )Tj
T*
(You may feel your life is empty of meaning, or that you are out of touch\
with yourself. Perhaps you )Tj
T*
(want to reconcile or heal some division you feel within yourself. You mi\
ght suffer from terrifying )Tj
T*
(nightmares and yearn to sleep peacefully, without fear; perhaps you feel\
lost, inadequate, or depressed\227)Tj
T*
(or simply curious to explore the adventures of the dream world. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Even if you are otherwise completely satisfied with the quality of your \
life, there remains a final and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(perhaps ultimately convincing argument why lucid dreaming might merit yo\
ur interest. How do you feel )Tj
T*
(about the meager\227to put it as politely as possible\227)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(quantity)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
( of your life? Do you think that life is all too )Tj
T*
(brief? Yes, it seems undeniable. But now add the fact that you have to s\
leep through a third of it! To the )Tj
T*
(extent that sleep is for us a relative form of nonexistence, the sleepin\
g portion of our lives belongs not to )Tj
T*
(us but to the night, and the gloomy situation we have been contemplating\
seems darker still. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(But, like everything else, night has a bright side too. )Tj
T*
(Every night we are resurrected from the grave of sleep by the miracle of\
dreams. Everyone dreams. It is )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(not "to sleep, perchance to dream," but rather "to sleep is to dream, pe\
rchance to remember." It can be )Tj
T*
(estimated that in the course of our lives, we enter our dream worlds hal\
f a million times. This state of )Tj
T*
(affairs presents us all with a challenge: as we neglect or cultivate the\
world of our dreams, so will this )Tj
T*
(realm become a wasteland or a garden. As we sow, so shall we reap our dr\
eams. With the universe of )Tj
T*
(experience thus open to you, if you must sleep through a third of your l\
ife, as it seems you must, are you )Tj
T*
(willing to sleep through your dreams too? )Tj
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(The Origins and History of Lucid Dreaming)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
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("For often," wrote Aristotle, "when one is asleep, there is something in\
consciousness which declares )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(that what then presents itself is but a dream.")Tj
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( From this we see that among philosophically inclined )Tj
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(Athenians of the fourth century B.C., lucid dreaming was a familiar expe\
rience. The same may well be )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(true for the fortieth century B.C., since it seems likely that people ha\
ve been having occasional lucid )Tj
T*
(dreams as long as they have possessed a word for "dream." However, it is\
not until the fourth century A.)Tj
T*
(D. that we find a written account of a lucid dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The earliest lucid dream report in Western history is preserved in a let\
ter written in 415 A.D. by St. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Augustine. While arguing for the possibility of having experiences after\
death when the physical senses )Tj
T*
(no longer function, Augustine quoted the dream of Gennadius, a physician\
of Carthage. Gennadius, who )Tj
T*
(suffered from doubts as to whether there was an afterlife, dreamed that \
a youth "of remarkable )Tj
T*
(appearance and commanding presence accosted him with the order: 'Follow \
me!' " Obediently following )Tj
T*
(the angelic youth, Gennadius came to a city where he heard singing "so e\
xquisitely sweet as to surpass )Tj
T*
(anything he had ever heard." Inquiring what the music was, he was inform\
ed that "it is the hymn of the )Tj
T*
(blessed and the holy." Thereupon Gennadius awoke and thought of his expe\
rience as "only a dream." )Tj
T*
(The next night, he dreamed again of the youth, who inquired whether Genn\
adius recognized him. When )Tj
T*
(Gennadius replied, "Certainly!" the young man questioned where he had ma\
de his acquaintance. )Tj
T*
(Gennadius's memory "failed him not as to the proper reply," and he recou\
nted the events of the previous )Tj
T*
(dream. The youth thereupon inquired whether these events had taken place\
in sleep or wakefulness. To )Tj
T*
(Gennadius's reply, "In sleep," the youth pursued what had become a Socra\
tic interrogation, declaring, )Tj
T*
("You remember it well; it is true that you saw these things in sleep, bu\
t I would have you know that even )Tj
T*
(now you are seeing in sleep." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Gennadius thus became conscious that he was dreaming. The dream\227now l\
ucid\227continued with the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(youth asking: "Where is your body now?" To Gennadius's proper response, \
"in my bed," the dream )Tj
T*
(inquisitor pursued his argument: "Do you know that the eyes in this body\
of yours are now bound and )Tj
T*
(closed, and that with these eyes you are seeing nothing?" Gennadius repl\
ied, "I know it." At this the )Tj
T*
(dream teacher reached the conclusion of his argument, demanding, "What t\
hen are the eyes with which )Tj
T*
(you see me?" Gennadius, unable to solve this puzzle, remained silent, an\
d the dream catechist thereupon )Tj
T*
("unfolded to him what he was endeavoring to teach him by these questions\
," triumphantly exclaiming, )Tj
T*
("As while you are asleep and lying on your bed these eyes of your body a\
re now unemployed and doing )Tj
T*
(nothing, and yet you have eyes with which you behold me, and enjoy this \
vision, so, after your death, )Tj
T*
(while your bodily eyes shall be wholly inactive, there shall be in you a\
life by which you shall still live, )Tj
T*
(and a faculty of perception by which you shall still perceive. Beware, t\
herefore, after this of harboring )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(doubts as to whether the life of man shall continue after death.")Tj
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( )Tj
-25.70514 -2.55714 Td
(St. Augustine tells us that the dreamer's doubts were thereby completely\
removed. The force of the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(argument \(though not of the lucid dream\) is diminished, it must be adm\
itted, by the fact that the )Tj
T*
(reassuring youth was himself no more able than Gennadius to explain the \
nature of the eyes with which )Tj
T*
(we see in dreams. In spite of the clarity of Aristotle's arguments to th\
e contrary, to Gennadius and most )Tj
T*
(of his contemporaries, seeing was still believing. Dreaming of seeing so\
mething implied that the )Tj
T*
(something was no mere image but an object existing somewhere outside the\
dreamer. Equally, for the )Tj
T*
(prescientific mind, seeing something in a dream implied the actual exist\
ence of dream eyes with which )Tj
T*
(to see, and by the same reasoning, a dream body with which to be\227pres\
umably analogous to the )Tj
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(Lucid Dreaming)Tj
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(corresponding physical organs of sense and consciousness, and to the phy\
sical body. At the same time, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(since this second or dream body seemed to do quite well while the physic\
al body was minding its own )Tj
T*
(business asleep, it was easy to conclude that the two bodies were in fac\
t independent of each other. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(We have uncovered nothing so far to prepare us for the amazing developme\
nt, several centuries later, of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(a remarkably sophisticated dream technique. On the "rooftop of the world\
," as early as the eighth )Tj
T*
(century A.D., the Tibetan Buddhists were practicing a form of yoga desig\
ned to maintain full waking )Tj
T*
(consciousness during the dream state. With these dream yogis of Tibet, w\
e find for the first time a )Tj
T*
(people who possess an experientially based and unequivocal understanding\
of dreams as solely the )Tj
T*
(mental creation of the dreamer. This is a concept fully at the level of \
our most recent scientific and )Tj
T*
(psychological findings. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In many ways, these masters seem to have gone beyond anything known to W\
estern psychology today. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(For example, according to an ancient manual for would-be yogis, it is cl\
aimed that the practice of certain )Tj
T*
(dream control techniques leads to the capacity to dream any imaginable e\
xperience. But these dream )Tj
T*
(yogis evidently set their sights far above the pursuit of any trivial pl\
easures that might result from such a )Tj
T*
(power. For the Tibetan yogis, the lucid dream represented an opportunity\
to experiment with, and realize )Tj
T*
(the subjective nature of the dream state and, by extension, waking exper\
ience as well. Such a realization )Tj
T*
(was regarded as of the profoundest possible significance. Through the pr\
actice of lucid dreaming, )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Yogin )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(is taught to realize that matter, or form in its dimensional aspects, la\
rge or small, )Tj
T*
(and its numerical aspects, of plurality and unity, is entirely subject t\
o one's will when the )Tj
T*
(mental powers have been efficiently developed by )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(yoga. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(In other words, the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(yogin )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(learns )Tj
T*
(by actual experience, resulting from psychic experimentation, that the c\
haracter of any )Tj
T*
(dream can be changed or transformed by willing that it shall be. A step \
further and he )Tj
T*
(learns that form, in the dream-state, and all the multitudinous content \
of dreams, are )Tj
T*
(merely playthings of mind, and, therefore, as unstable as mirage. A furt\
her step leads him )Tj
T*
(to the knowledge that the essential nature of form and of all things per\
ceived by the senses )Tj
T*
(in the waking-state are equally as unreal as their reflexes in the dream\
-state, both states )Tj
T*
(alike being )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(sangsaric. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(The final step leads to the Great Realization, that nothing within the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0 -1.69632 TD
(Sangsara )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(is or can be other than unreal like dreams.)Tj
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( )Tj
-23.9883 -2.55714 Td
(Readers who find that this explanation itself needs an explanation will \
find their needs satisfied in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Chapter 10, when we return to the topic. Similar practices were evidentl\
y being carried out in India at )Tj
T*
(about the same time. Although Tantra was primarily an oral tradition, ha\
nded down from teacher to )Tj
T*
(disciple, there is a tenth-century Tantric text that alludes to methods \
for retaining consciousness while )Tj
T*
(falling asleep. However, the techniques are so obscurely described as to\
be of little use to the uninitiated. )Tj
T*
(For example, the yogi is said to attain mastery of dreams by means of th\
e "intermediate state," as a result )Tj
T*
(of making himself "profoundly contemplative" and then placing himself "a\
t the junction between waking )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(and sleeping.")Tj
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( )Tj
-6.04214 -2.55714 Td
(Several centuries later, during the flowering of Islamic civilization, c\
ame the next references to lucid )Tj
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(dreaming. In the twelfth century, the famous Spanish Sufi, Ibn El-Arabi,\
known in the Arab world as )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
("the Greatest Master," is reported to have asserted that "a person must \
control his thoughts in a dream. )Tj
T*
(The training of this alertness ... will produce great benefits for the i\
ndividual. Everyone should apply )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(himself to the attainment of this ability of such great value.")Tj
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( )Tj
-24.40215 -2.55714 Td
(A century later, St. Thomas Aquinas mentioned lucid dreaming in passing,\
citing Aristotle's supposition )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(that the senses may occasionally show relatively little diminishment dur\
ing sleep. Aquinas asserted that )Tj
T*
(this happens especially "towards the end of sleep, in sober men and thos\
e who are gifted with a strong )Tj
T*
(imagination." He went on to explain that in this case, "... not only doe\
s the imagination retain its )Tj
T*
(freedom, but also the common sense is partly freed; so that sometimes wh\
ile asleep a man may judge )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(that what he sees is a dream, discerning, as it were, between things and\
their images.")Tj
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( We here have )Tj
-34.56413 -1.2 Td
(evidence that medieval Europe knew of lucid dreaming. But the fact that \
dreams were generally held in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(disrepute during the Middle Ages, considered more frequently the inventi\
ons of demons than of God, )Tj
T*
(suggests that public discussion of lucid dreaming might have resulted in\
a private audience with the )Tj
T*
(local Inquisition. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(With the nineteenth century came the recognition that there is more to t\
he brain than we are normally )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(aware of: beyond the limited circle of light bounding our conscious mind\
is the vast darkness of our )Tj
T*
(unconscious mind. Conscious knowledge, what we know that we know and can\
explicitly spell out, is a )Tj
T*
(small part of the mind. Most of our knowledge is unconscious\227tacit, i\
mplicit, and difficult to verbalize. )Tj
T*
(The very ground upon which consciousness stands is the unconscious mind;\
mental processes such as )Tj
T*
(consciously directed thinking develop from the far older structures of u\
nconscious thinking, upon which )Tj
T*
(they depend. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Dreams, in the nineteenth century, were no longer seen as deriving from \
the underworld of the dead or )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the supernatural domain of the gods: we now knew that the world of dream\
s was the underworld of the )Tj
T*
(human mind\227the unconscious. The door was open for psychologists and p\
hysiologists to begin the )Tj
T*
(scientific study of dreams. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Many scientists took up the challenge of exploring the unconscious mind \
through studying dreams. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(However, our concern here is not with those scientists, but with the few\
who went still further, accepting )Tj
T*
(Richard Wagner's call to make the unconscious conscious, and explored lu\
cid dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The greatest pioneer among these was the Marquis d'Hervey de Saint-Denys\
. By day a professor of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Chinese literature and language, by night he was an industrious and dedi\
cated experimenter who )Tj
T*
(recorded his dreams from the time he was thirteen years old. Sigmund Fre\
ud, who coincidentally was )Tj
T*
(born on Saint-Denys' thirty-fourth birthday, described him as "the most \
energetic opponent of those who )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(seek to depreciate psychical functioning in dreams.")Tj
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( )Tj
-21.23314 -2.55714 Td
(In his remarkable book, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Dreams and How to Guide Them, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(first published in 1867 and recently translated )Tj
T*
(into English in abridged form,)Tj
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( the Marquis documented more than twenty years of dream research. )Tj
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(Unfortunately, the original edition never seems to have been widely avai\
lable; Freud mentioned having )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(been unable to obtain a copy "in spite of all efforts,")Tj
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( with the regrettable consequence that the founder )Tj
-21.25314 -1.2 Td
(of psychoanalysis never gained more than the most superficial acquaintan\
ce with the possibilities of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lucid dreaming or dream control. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In the first part of his book, Saint-Denys described the sequential deve\
lopment of his ability to control )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(his dreams: first, increasing his dream recall; next, becoming aware tha\
t he was dreaming; then, learning )Tj
T*
(to awaken at will; and finally, being able, to a certain extent, to dire\
ct his dream dramas. The second part )Tj
T*
(of )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Dreams and How to Guide Them )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(reviewed earlier dream theories and presented his own ideas, based )Tj
T*
(on extensive self-experimentation. A notion of the Marquis' approach can\
be gained from the following )Tj
T*
(extract: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(I fell asleep. I could see clearly all the little objects which decorate\
my study. My attention )Tj
T*
(alighted on a porcelain tray, in which I keep my pencils and pens, and w\
hich has some )Tj
T*
(very unusual decoration on it. ... I suddenly thought: whenever I have s\
een this tray in )Tj
T*
(waking life, it has always been in one piece. What if I were to break it\
in my dream? How )Tj
T*
(would my imagination represent the broken tray? I immediately broke it i\
n pieces. I )Tj
T*
(picked up the pieces and examined them closely. I observed the sharp edg\
es of the lines of )Tj
T*
(breakage, and the jagged cracks which split the decorative figures in se\
veral places. I had )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(seldom had such a vivid dream.)Tj
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( )Tj
-16.23643 -2.55714 Td
(Many of Saint-Denys' experiments can be faulted for failing to allow for\
expectation. As my research at )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Stanford has shown, expectation seems to be one of the most important de\
terminants of what happens in )Tj
T*
(dreams, lucid or otherwise. Thus, if you carry out dream experiments exp\
ecting a particular result, you )Tj
T*
(will very likely get exactly the result you want\227and this is the trap\
into which the Marquis sometimes )Tj
T*
(fell. However, this criticism leaves untouched what is probably his most\
important contribution to the )Tj
T*
(field: the demonstration that it is possible to learn to dream conscious\
ly. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Not everyone who has made the effort to learn this skill has had such su\
ccess. Frederic W. H. Myers, a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(classical scholar at Cambridge and one of the founders of the Society fo\
r Psychical Research, )Tj
T*
(complained that by "mere painstaking effort" he succeeded on only three \
nights out of three thousand in )Tj
T*
(realizing that he was dreaming. Although Myers attributed his small gain\
s to his "poor endowments" as )Tj
T*
(a dreamer, he may serve as a reminder that what is needed is not "painst\
aking effort" but )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(effective )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(effort. )Tj
T*
(In an 1887 article on automatic writing and other psychic phenomena, Mye\
rs briefly digressed to explain )Tj
T*
(that )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(I have long thought that we are too indolent in regard to our dreams; th\
at we neglect )Tj
T*
(precious occasions of experiment for want of a little resolute direction\
of the will. ... We )Tj
T*
(should constantly represent to ourselves what points we should like to n\
otice and test in )Tj
T*
(dreams; and then when going to sleep we should impress upon our minds th\
at we are )Tj
T*
(going to try an experiment\227that we are going to carry into our dreams\
enough of our )Tj
T*
(waking self to tell us that they )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(are )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(dreams, and to prompt us to psychological inquiry. )Tj
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(Myers then quoted a "curious dream" of his own, hoping that "its paltry \
commonplaceness may perhaps )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(avert the suspicion that it has been touched up for recital": )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(I was, I thought, standing in my study; but I observed that the furnitur\
e had not its usual )Tj
T*
(distinctness\227that everything was blurred and somehow evaded a direct \
gaze. It struck me )Tj
T*
(that this must be because I was )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(dreaming. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(This was a great delight to me, as giving the )Tj
T*
(opportunity of experimentation. I made a strong effort to keep calm, kno\
wing the risk of )Tj
T*
(waking. I wanted most of all to see and speak to somebody, to see whethe\
r they were like )Tj
T*
(the real persons, and how they behaved. I remembered that my wife and ch\
ildren were )Tj
T*
(away at the time \(which was true\), and I did not reason to the effect \
that they might be )Tj
T*
(present in a dream, though absent from home in reality. I therefore wish\
ed to see one of )Tj
T*
(the servants; but I was afraid to ring the bell, lest the shock would wa\
ke me. I very )Tj
T*
(cautiously walked downstairs\227after calculating that I should be more \
sure to find )Tj
T*
(someone in pantry or kitchen than in a workroom, where I first thought o\
f going. As I )Tj
T*
(walked downstairs I looked carefully at the stair-carpet, to see whether\
I could visualise )Tj
T*
(better in dream than in waking life. I found that this was )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(not )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(so; the dream carpet was not )Tj
T*
(like what I knew it in truth to be; rather, it was a thin, ragged carpet\
, apparently vaguely )Tj
T*
(generalised from memories of seaside lodgings. I reached the pantry door\
, and here again )Tj
T*
(I had to stop and calm myself. The door opened and a servant appeared\227\
quite unlike any )Tj
T*
(of my own. This all I can say, for the excitement of perceiving that I h\
ad created a new )Tj
T*
(personage woke me with a shock. The dream was very clear in my mind; I w\
as thoroughly )Tj
T*
(awake; I perceived its great interest to me and I stamped it on my mind\227\
I venture to say)Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(\227almost exactly as I tell it here.)Tj
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( )Tj
-16.59743 -2.55714 Td
(Before leaving the nineteenth century, let us consider a miscellany of b\
rief references that will fill in our )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(picture of the climate surrounding lucid dreaming at the time. These are\
mostly little more than )Tj
T*
(testimonials for or against the existence of lucid dreams. Then, as alwa\
ys, there were those who )Tj
T*
(considered the notion of being awake in your dreams an impossible chimer\
a. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Among theses skeptics, two of the foremost were the French psychologist \
Alfred Maury and the English )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(psychologist Havelock Ellis. Although a pioneer in the scientific invest\
igation of dreams, Maury was )Tj
T*
(evidently personally unacquainted with the phenomenon of lucid dreaming \
and was quoted as saying )Tj
T*
(that "these dreams could not be dreams." Ellis, of even greater renown t\
han Maury, declared his )Tj
T*
(disbelief in lucid dreams by stating, "I do not believe that such a thin\
g is really possible, though it has )Tj
T*
(been borne witness to by many philosophers and others from Aristotle ...\
onwards." Neither of these )Tj
T*
(psychologists bothered to waste more words than I have quoted here on a \
subject they considered only a )Tj
T*
(curiosity. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(On the other hand, Ernst Mach of the University of Vienna footnoted his \
discussion of what he )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(considered the characteristic inertness of attention in dreams with the \
following qualification: "The )Tj
T*
(intellect often sleeps only in part ... we reflect, in the dream-state, \
concerning dreams, recognize them as )Tj
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(such by their eccentricities, but are immediately pacified again." The e\
minent psychologist showed his )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(personal acquaintance with lucid dreams, recounting in the same note tha\
t "at a time when much )Tj
T*
(engrossed with the subject of space-sensation, I dreamed of a walk in th\
e woods. Suddenly I noticed the )Tj
T*
(defective perspective displacement of the trees, and by this recognized \
I was dreaming. The missing )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(displacements, however, were immediately supplied.")Tj
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( )Tj
-22.31329 -2.55714 Td
(Finally, there is a brief mention of lucid dreaming by one of the most f\
amous philosophers of the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(nineteenth century: Friedrich Nietzsche. While arguing that we use dream\
s to train ourselves to live, )Tj
T*
(Nietzsche explained that "the whole 'Divine Comedy' of life, and the Inf\
erno [pass before the dreamer] )Tj
T*
(not merely ... like pictures on the wall\227for he lives and suffers in \
these scenes\227and yet not without" )Tj
T*
(the philosopher added in apparent reference to lucid dreaming, "that fle\
eting sensation of appearance. )Tj
T*
(And perhaps many a one will, like myself, recollect having sometimes cal\
led out cheeringly and not )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(without success amid the dangers and terrors of dream life: 'It is a dre\
am! I will dream on!' ")Tj
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( Thus we )Tj
-37.6413 -1.2 Td
(see that Nietzsche, the "prophet of the modern age," had lucid dreams. H\
e was also considered the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(prophet of psychoanalysis by the founder of the movement, Freud himself,\
and as it happens, died in )Tj
T*
(1900, the same year that gave birth to Sigmund Freud's masterwork\227)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Die Traumdeutung.)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
( )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The first edition of Freud's )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Interpretation of Dreams, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(made no overt reference to lucid dreaming at )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(all. However, Freud added a note to the second edition in 1909, that "..\
. there are some people who are )Tj
T*
(quite clearly aware during the night that they are asleep and dreaming a\
nd who thus seem to possess the )Tj
T*
(faculty of consciously directing their dreams. If, for instance, a dream\
er of this kind is dissatisfied with )Tj
T*
(the turn taken by a dream, he can break it off without waking up and sta\
rt it again in another direction\227)Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(just as a popular dramatist may under pressure give his play a happier e\
nding.")Tj
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( )Tj
-32.22829 -2.55714 Td
(Freud makes another mention of lucid dreaming, one that I believe tells \
us much more about the man )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(who sat behind the couch than about lucid dreams: "Or another time, if h\
is dream had led him into a )Tj
T*
(sexually exciting situation, he can think to himself, 'I won't go on wit\
h this dream any further and )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(exhaust myself with an emission; I'll hold back for a real situation ins\
tead.' ")Tj
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( Of course, the subject of )Tj
-31.25729 -1.2 Td
(Freud's remarks\227the unnamed dreamer of the 1909 edition\227could read\
ily be identified by )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(psychoanalytical methods as Freud himself. On the basis of this interpre\
tation, the supposition presents )Tj
T*
(itself that Freud had lucid dreams upon occasion, and under pressure fro\
m his moralistic superego was )Tj
T*
(compelled to give his dream play a more acceptably upright, though not h\
appier, ending. The fear of )Tj
T*
(exhausting oneself was even then an unconvincing rationalization. Ninete\
enth-century prudishness and )Tj
T*
(guilt over enjoying even sexual fantasies appears to offer a more plausi\
ble explanation for Freud's )Tj
T*
(holding back from the dream fulfillment of a wish. In spite of his unres\
trained intellectual curiosity )Tj
T*
(about sex, Freud was still a Victorian. The attitudes revealed by this p\
assage could be interpreted to )Tj
T*
(explain why his view of the dream world was relatively sterile. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In all his subsequent writings, Freud had but a single paragraph to add \
to what he had already said about )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lucid dreaming, and that was in his dream book's fourth edition in 1914:\
"The Marquis d'Hervey de )Tj
T*
(Saint-Denys claimed to have acquired the power of accelerating the cours\
e of his dreams just as he )Tj
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(pleased, and of giving them any direction he chose. It seems as though i\
n his case the wish to sleep had )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(given place to another preconscious wish, namely to observe his dreams a\
nd enjoy them. Sleep is just as )Tj
T*
(compatible with a wish of this sort as it is with a mental reservation t\
o wake up if some particular )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(condition is fulfilled \(e.g. in the case of a nursing mother or wet-nur\
se\).")Tj
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( If we accept Freud's analysis )Tj
-29.75629 -1.2 Td
(we must infer that unlike Saint-Denys, Freud apparently did not wish to \
enjoy his dreams, since he )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(seems to have become lucid in so few of them, perhaps because enjoyment \
of almost any kind would )Tj
T*
(have provoked guilt. So, if we are to apply psychoanalytic theory to its\
founder, we may surmise that )Tj
T*
(Freud slept with his own particular sort of mental reservation: to wake \
up immediately if he realized he )Tj
T*
(was dreaming and was consequently in danger of compromising his rigid mo\
rality. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(To Frederik Willems van Eeden, a Dutch psychiatrist and well-known autho\
r, we owe the term "lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreams," and the first serious research into lucid dreaming. Van Eeden k\
ept a diary of his own dreams )Tj
T*
(for many years, noting with particular care those cases in which he was \
fast asleep and yet had "full )Tj
T*
(recollection of [his] day-life, and could act voluntarily." Although int\
erested in all aspects of dreaming, )Tj
T*
(van Eeden found that these lucid dreams aroused his "keenest interest." \
At first he veiled his )Tj
T*
(observations in a novel called )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Bride of Dreams, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(because, as he later admitted, the fictional guise )Tj
T*
(allowed him "to freely deal with delicate matters." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In 1913 van Eeden presented a paper to the Society for Psychical Researc\
h reporting on 352 of his lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreams, collected between 1898 and 1912. "In these lucid dreams," he dec\
lared, "the re-integration of )Tj
T*
(the psychic functions is so complete that the sleeper reaches a state of\
perfect awareness and is able to )Tj
T*
(direct his attention, and to attempt different acts of free volition. Ye\
t the sleep, as I am confidently to )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(state, is undisturbed, deep, and refreshing.")Tj
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( )Tj
-17.98029 -2.55714 Td
(By a curious coincidence, van Eeden's first lucid dream was quite simila\
r to Ernst Mach's experience )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(quoted earlier. "I obtained my first glimpse of this lucidity," wrote va\
n Eeden, "... in the following way. I )Tj
T*
(dreamt that I was floating through a landscape with bare trees, knowing \
that it was April, and I remarked )Tj
T*
(that the perspective of the branches and twigs changed quite naturally. \
Then I made the reflection, )Tj
T*
(during sleep, that my fancy would never be able to invent or to make an \
image as intricate as the )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(perspective movement of little twigs seen in floating by.")Tj
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( )Tj
-23.64828 -2.55714 Td
(Van Eeden, like Saint-Denys, whom he quotes, took an experimental approa\
ch to his dreams, as is )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(illustrated by the following report: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(On Sept. 9, 1904, I dreamt that I stood at a table before a window. On t\
he table were )Tj
T*
(different objects. I was perfectly well aware that I was dreaming and I \
considered what )Tj
T*
(sorts of experiments I could make. I began by trying to break glass, by \
beating it with a )Tj
T*
(stone. I put a small goblet of glass on two stones and struck it with an\
other stone. Yet it )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(would not break. Then I took a fine claret-glass from the table and stru\
ck it with my fist, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(with all my might, at the same time reflecting how dangerous it would be\
to do this in )Tj
T*
(waking life; yet the glass remained whole. But lo! when I looked at it a\
gain after some )Tj
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(time, it was broken.)Tj
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("It broke all right," van Eeden continued with a charming phrase, "but a\
little too late, like an actor who )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(misses his cue." He explained that "this gave me a very curious impressi\
on of being in a )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(fake-world, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
T*
(cleverly imitated, but with small failures. I took the broken glass and \
threw it out of the window, in )Tj
T*
(order to observe whether I could hear the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(tinkling. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(I heard the noise all right and I even saw two dogs run )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(away from it quite naturally. I thought what a good imitation this comed\
y-world was.")Tj
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( )Tj
-35.25829 -2.55714 Td
(At about the same time van Eeden was carrying out his investigations in \
the Netherlands, the French )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(biologist Yves Delage was engaged in a similar study of his own lucid dr\
eams. Delage characterized his )Tj
T*
(lucid dreams in the following terms: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(I say to myself: here I am in a situation which may be troublesome or pl\
easant, but I know )Tj
T*
(very well that it is completely unreal. From this point of my dream, kno\
wing that I cannot )Tj
T*
(run any risk, I allow scenes to unfold themselves before me. I adopt the\
attitude of an )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(interested spectator, watching an accident or catastrophe which cannot a\
ffect him. I think: )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(over there are waiting for me people who want to kill me; I then try to \
run away; but )Tj
T*
(suddenly, I realize that I am dreaming and I say to myself: since I have\
nothing to fear I )Tj
T*
(am going to meet my enemies, I will defy them, I will even strike them )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(in order to see )Tj
T*
(what will happen. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(However, although I am sure enough of the illusory character of the )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(situation to adopt a course of action which would be unwise in real life\
, I have to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(overcome an instinctive feeling of fear. Several times, I have in this w\
ay thrown myself on )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(purpose into some danger in order to see what would come of it.)Tj
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( )Tj
-29.31743 -2.55714 Td
(This lucid dream could easily be taken for one of Saint-Denys' reports; \
the two Frenchmen seemed to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(have had similarly rational and experimental approaches to their lucid d\
reams. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(On the other side of the English Channel, Mrs. Mary Arnold-Forster was a\
lso exploring the world of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreams. From her own experience she reached a conclusion that it would b\
e well to remember even )Tj
T*
(today: "There are dreams and dreams, and we must get rid of the assumpti\
on that they all resemble each )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(other.")Tj
ET
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( A few of the dreams described in her book were lucid; what is of releva\
nce here is her )Tj
-3.42729 -1.2 Td
(description of how she, too, learned to recognize that her frightening d\
reams were "only dreams." She )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(also seems to have had success with teaching this method to children, a \
practice surely deserving wider )Tj
T*
(application. It does not appear, however, that Arnold-Forster developed \
her consciousness in dreams )Tj
T*
(very extensively, perhaps due to the fact that of earlier published acco\
unts, she seems to have known )Tj
T*
(only Myers' and was unacquainted with such much more informative sources\
as Saint-Denys and van )Tj
T*
(Eeden. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(At about the same time, Hugh Calloway, a compatriot of Mrs. Arnold-Forst\
er, undertook much more )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(extensive experimentation with lucid dreams and closely related states. \
Publishing his occultist writings )Tj
T*
(under the pen name of Oliver Fox, he apparently discovered lucid dreamin\
g completely on his own, )Tj
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(developing a high degree of proficiency in it. In the summer of 1902, wh\
en he was a sixteen-year-old )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(student of science and electrical engineering in London, he dreamed a lu\
cid dream which he said marked )Tj
T*
("the real beginning" of his research. "I dreamed," he wrote, )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(that I was standing on the pavement outside my home. The sun was rising \
behind the )Tj
T*
(Roman wall, and the waters of Bletchingden Bay were sparkling in the mor\
ning light. I )Tj
T*
(could see the tall trees at the corner of the road and the top of the ol\
d grey tower beyond )Tj
T*
(the Forty Steps. In the magic of the early sunshine the scene was beauti\
ful enough even )Tj
T*
(then. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Now the pavement was not of the ordinary type, but consisted of small, b\
luish-grey )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(rectangular stones, with their long sides at right-angles to the white c\
urb. I was about to )Tj
T*
(enter the house when, on glancing casually at these stones, my attention\
became riveted )Tj
T*
(by a passing strange phenomenon, so extraordinary that I could not belie\
ve my eyes\227they )Tj
T*
(had seemingly all changed their position in the night, and the long side\
s were now parallel )Tj
T*
(to the curb! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Then the solution flashed upon me: though this glorious summer morning s\
eemed as real )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(as real could be, I was )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(dreaming!)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
( )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(With the realization of this fact, the quality of the dream changed in a\
manner very )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(difficult to convey to one who has not had this experience. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Instantly, the vividness of life increased a hundredfold. Never had sea \
and sky and trees )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(shone with such glamourous beauty; even the commonplace houses seemed al\
ive and )Tj
T*
(mystically beautiful. Never had I felt so absolutely well, so clear-brai\
ned, so inexpressibly )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
T*
(free! )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(The sensation was exquisite beyond words; but it lasted only a few minut\
es and I )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(awoke.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(Fox called his lucid dreams Dreams of Knowledge, "for one had in [them] \
the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(knowledge )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(that one was )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(really dreaming." He pictured himself in his Dreams of Knowledge "free a\
s air, secure in the )Tj
T*
(consciousness of my true condition and the knowledge that I could always\
wake if danger threatened, )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(moving like a little god through the glorious scenery of the Dream World\
.")Tj
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(A Russian philosopher, Piotr D. Ouspensky, wishing "to verify a rather f\
antastic idea," which he says )Tj
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(occurred to him as an adolescent, asked himself, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
("Was it not possible to preserve consciousness in )Tj
T*
(dreams, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(that is, to know while dreaming that one is asleep and )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(to think consciously )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(as we think when )Tj
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(awake?")Tj
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( The answer Ouspensky decided upon, as others had before him, was yes. H\
is main interest in )Tj
-4.12029 -1.2 Td
(lucid dreaming, or "half-dream states" as he called them, was simply to \
observe the formation and )Tj
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(transformation of ordinary dreams. He claimed: )Tj
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(The fact is that in 'half-dream states' I was having all the dreams I us\
ually had. But I was )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(fully conscious, I could see and understand how these dreams were create\
d, what they )Tj
T*
(were built from, what was their cause, and in general what was cause and\
what was effect. )Tj
T*
(Further, I saw that in 'half-dream states' I had a certain control over \
dreams. I could create )Tj
T*
(them and could see what I wanted to see, although this was not always to\
o successful and )Tj
T*
(must not be understood too literally. Usually I only gave the first impe\
tus, and after that )Tj
T*
(the dreams developed as it were of their own accord, sometimes greatly a\
stonishing me by )Tj
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(the unexpected and strange turns they took.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(Here is Ouspensky's description of one of his half-dream states: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(I remember once seeing myself in a large empty room without windows. Bes\
ides myself )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(there was in the room only a small black kitten. 'I am dreaming,' I say \
to myself. 'How can )Tj
T*
(I know whether I am really asleep or not? Suppose I try this way. Let th\
is black kitten be )Tj
T*
(transformed into a large white dog. In a waking state it is impossible a\
nd if it comes off it )Tj
T*
(will mean that I am asleep.' I say this to myself and immediately the bl\
ack kitten becomes )Tj
T*
(transformed into a large white dog. At the same time the opposite wall d\
isappears, )Tj
T*
(disclosing a mountain landscape with a river like a ribbon receding into\
the distance. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
('This is curious,' I say to myself; 'I did not order this landscape. Whe\
re did it come from?' )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Some faint recollection begins to stir in me, a recollection of having s\
een this landscape )Tj
T*
(somewhere and of its being somehow connected with the white dog. But I f\
eel that if I let )Tj
T*
(myself go into it I shall forget the most important thing that I have to\
remember, namely, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
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(that I am asleep and am conscious of myself. ...)Tj
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( )Tj
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(In a 1936 article, "Dreams in Which the Dreamer Knows He is Asleep" in t\
he )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Journal of Abnormal )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Psychology, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Aiwani Embury Brown reported on "almost a hundred" of his own lucid drea\
m experiences. )Tj
T*
(The article showed that he was familiar with most of the earlier writing\
s, with the significant exception )Tj
T*
(of Saint-Denys. Apart from testifying to "the very existence of the phen\
omenon," Brown was chiefly )Tj
T*
(concerned with countering the position taken by some skeptics among his \
psychologist colleagues\227that )Tj
T*
(lucid dreaming was nothing more than "daydreaming." In any case, Brown d\
emonstrated the difference )Tj
T*
(between the two states on several occasions, by daydreaming \(imagining\)\
during his lucid dreams. He )Tj
T*
(also introduced a valuable and subsequently widely used criterion for de\
ciding whether or not one is )Tj
T*
(dreaming: jumping into the air and testing the sensation of gravity. Sig\
nificantly, Brown's is one of only )Tj
T*
(two papers devoted to the topic of lucid dreaming to be found in the mai\
nstream of scientific )Tj
T*
(psychology, up to the past few years. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The second of those articles appeared in a German psychology journal two\
years later. The author, Dr. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Harold von Moers-Messmer, reported and commented on twenty-two of the lu\
cid dreams he had )Tj
T*
(between 1934 and 1938. That Moers-Messmer possessed an unusually logical\
mind can be seen from the )Tj
T*
(following report: )Tj
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(From the top of a rather low and unfamiliar hill, I look out across a wi\
de plain towards the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(horizon. It crosses my mind that I have no idea what time of year it is.\
I check the sun's )Tj
T*
(position. It appears almost straight above me with its usual brightness.\
This is surprising, )Tj
T*
(as it occurs to me that it is now autumn, and the sun was much lower onl\
y a short time )Tj
T*
(ago. I think it over: The sun is now perpendicular to the equator, so he\
re it has to appear at )Tj
T*
(an angle of approximately 45 degrees. So if my shadow does not correspon\
d to my own )Tj
T*
(height, I must be dreaming. I examine it: It is about 30 centimeters lon\
g. It takes )Tj
T*
(considerable effort for me to believe this almost blindingly bright land\
scape and all of its )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(features to be only an illusion.)Tj
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( )Tj
-15.68143 -2.55714 Td
(Whenever Moers-Messmer found himself awake within his dreams he made use\
of the opportunity to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(satisfy his scientific curiosity, carrying out a variety of experiments \
in his lucid dreams. After his )Tj
T*
("indestructable intellectualism" had emerged in a lucid dream, he contin\
ued: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(... it suddenly gets dark. After a little while, it grows light again. A\
fter some consideration, )Tj
T*
(the word that I have long borne in mind occurs to me: "Magic!" I find my\
self in a city, on )Tj
T*
(a large, relatively uncrowded street. Next to one of the houses I see ne\
arby an entrance )Tj
T*
(gate; the doors are closed, and flanked to right and left by two wide, j\
utting pillars. These )Tj
T*
(are composed of five squared-stone blocks piled on top of each other, up\
on which there is )Tj
T*
(projecting relief work in the shape of garlands. I cry out, "This will a\
ll grow much larger!" )Tj
T*
(At first nothing happens, even while I fixedly imagine that the gateway \
is larger than the )Tj
T*
(way I see it. All at once, a great number of little pieces of stone come\
crumbling out of the )Tj
T*
(second highest block on the left, which is set in slightly towards the i\
nside. More and )Tj
T*
(more keep coming, mixed with sand and larger stones, until there is noth\
ing left of the )Tj
T*
(block, while on the ground there now lies a whole pile of rubble. Throug\
h the open space )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(that has thus resulted, I can see a gray wall towards the back.)Tj
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-27.95444 -2.55714 Td
(The preceding illustrates Moers-Messmer's use of key words \("magic," in\
the example above\) to remind )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(him of what he wanted to do in his dreams. In another lucid dream, he wi\
shed to test whether people )Tj
T*
(really speak in dreams: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(... I am in a large street, with people passing by. I repeatedly feel th\
at I want to address )Tj
T*
(myself to someone, but I always hesitate at the last moment. Finally I g\
ather up all my )Tj
T*
(courage, and say to a male personage who is just passing by, "You're a m\
onkey." I chose )Tj
T*
(this particular phrase in order to provoke him into a harsh reply. He re\
mains standing )Tj
T*
(there and looks at me. It is so uncomfortable for me that I would have m\
ost liked to have )Tj
T*
(apologized. Then I hear his voice saying, "I've been waiting for that; y\
ou've been )Tj
T*
(weighing it over in your mind for a long time." Whether I even saw him s\
peaking, I do not )Tj
T*
(recall. He continues speaking with the intonations of a preacher; howeve\
r, I realize that I )Tj
T*
(will soon have forgotten everything. I therefore grab for my notebook an\
d pull it out of )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(my pocket. Then I realize the absurdity of my intentions, and I throw it\
aside.)Tj
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(Ten years later, Nathan Rapport, an American psychiatrist, extolled the \
delights of lucid dreaming in an )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(article entitled "Pleasant Dreams!" According to Rapport, "the nature of\
dreams may be studied best on )Tj
T*
(those rare occasions when one is aware that he is dreaming," and I fully\
agree. His method for lucid-)Tj
T*
(dream induction is similar to that used by Ouspensky: "While in bed awai\
ting sleep, the experimenter )Tj
T*
(interrupts his thoughts every few minutes with an effort to recall the m\
ental item vanishing before each )Tj
T*
(intrusion by that inquisitive attention." This habit of introspection is\
cultivated until it continues into )Tj
T*
(sleep itself. Rapport's enthusiasm for lucid dreaming is clearly conveye\
d by the terms in which he )Tj
T*
(concluded his article: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(As to the mysterious glories all too seldom remembered from dreams\227wh\
y attempt to )Tj
T*
(describe them? Those magical fantasies, the weird but lovely gardens, th\
ese luminous )Tj
T*
(grandeurs; they )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(are enjoyed only by the dreamer who observes them with active interest, \
)Tj
T*
(peeping with appreciative wakeful mind, grateful for glories surpassing \
those the most )Tj
T*
(accomplished talents can devise in reality. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(The fascinating beauty found in dreams amply )Tj
T*
(rewards their study. But there is a higher call. The study and cure of t\
he mind out of touch )Tj
T*
(with reality can be aided by attention to dreams. And when secrets are w\
rested from the )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(mystery of life, many of them will have been discovered in pleasant drea\
ms.)Tj
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( )Tj
-34.12143 -2.55714 Td
(Although lucid dreaming has been known since antiquity, it was not until\
the nineteenth century that )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(people in the West seemed to realize the phenomenon merited\227and was a\
ccessible to\227careful study. )Tj
T*
(One can see a parallel with electricity: The Greeks knew of it, but for \
thousands of years no one )Tj
T*
(regarded it as more than a curiosity. The scientific study of electricit\
y gave rise to remarkable )Tj
T*
(technological developments and an astonishing variety of unexpected appl\
ications; one of the most )Tj
T*
(unexpected of these, as we shall see in the next chapter, was the scient\
ific study of lucid dreaming. )Tj
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(3 )Tj
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(The New World of Lucid Dreaming )Tj
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(Scientific Studies of Sleep and Dreaming)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
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(In spite of humanity's perennial fascination with dreaming, the dream di\
d not become a topic of )Tj
T*
(widespread scientific inquiry until the second half of the twentieth cen\
tury. One of the reasons for this is )Tj
T*
(that scientific interest in dreaming had to await experimental psycholog\
y's nineteenth-century birth and )Tj
T*
(twentieth-century development. Another factor was technological: until a\
short time ago, the scientific )Tj
T*
(instruments for probing the dream world had not yet been invented. The s\
ophisticated electronic )Tj
T*
(instruments of modern sleep and dream research detect, measure, and reco\
rd the minute electrical )Tj
T*
(potentials associated with all biological functioning. Scientists are no\
w able to discern certain changes in )Tj
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(file:///C|/share/share_topics/LD/\(ebook-HTML\) Stephen LaBerge - Lucid \
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(bioelectrical potentials emanating from the dreaming brain which accompa\
ny \(and perhaps generate\) the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(psychological events experienced by the dreamer. A little background inf\
ormation and history will help )Tj
T*
(you to understand and appreciate how this miracle is accomplished. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The beginning of the electronic age can be traced back to the eighteenth\
century and the Italian )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(physiologist Luigi Galvani's discovery of "animal electricity" in one of\
the most famous experiments in )Tj
T*
(the history of science. Galvani was astonished to observe that when he b\
rought a freshly dissected frog's )Tj
T*
(leg into contact with two different kinds of metal, the dead leg jumped \
as if it were alive. Moreover, )Tj
T*
(when Galvani connected wires from the frog's leg to devices capable of d\
etecting electrical potentials, he )Tj
T*
(found that electricity was indeed being generated. Galvani theorized tha\
t the nerves in the leg were the )Tj
T*
(source of the electricity, and further speculated that all animal tissue\
gave rise to "animal electricity" as a )Tj
T*
(result of the vital processes in living creatures. As it happened, Aless\
andro Volta, an Italian physicist, )Tj
T*
(proved Galvani wrong about the source of the electricity that made his f\
rog's leg twitch. Volta showed )Tj
T*
(that the electrical potential \(or voltage, so named in the physicist's \
honor\) was produced by the copper )Tj
T*
(and iron wires in contact with the wet tissue\227a primitive battery, in\
other words, powerful enough to )Tj
T*
(stimulate muscle reflex action. \(Galvani was later partially vindicated\
when it was discovered that )Tj
T*
(muscle and nerve cell activity produced minute variations in electrical \
charge: animal electricity!\) )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(By the middle of the nineteenth century, scientific understanding of ele\
ctricity and magnetism had )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(progressed sufficiently to allow quantitative measurement of the electri\
cal activity of neurons anywhere )Tj
T*
(in the nervous system. When one end of a peripheral nerve was effectivel\
y stimulated, it was invariably )Tj
T*
(found to transmit an electrical impulse to its other end. Richard Caton \
of Liverpool University reasoned )Tj
T*
(that what was the case for reflexes of the peripheral nervous system \(t\
hat is, sensory and motor nerves )Tj
T*
(outside the central nervous system\) ought to be the case also for the c\
entral nervous system \(the nerves )Tj
T*
(in the brain and spinal chord\). Thus if one were to measure the electri\
cal potentials of a brain, they )Tj
T*
(should show variation mirroring the sensory stimulation impinging on the\
brain. At this time, the brain )Tj
T*
(was generally thought to be nothing more than a chain of reflexes, an or\
gan acting entirely in response to )Tj
T*
(external stimuli and doing nothing by itself\227speaking, as it were, on\
ly when spoken to. If such a brain )Tj
T*
(were not a )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(tabula rasa, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(it was only because the senses had written on its slate. In 1875, Caton \
attempted )Tj
T*
(to measure the brain's hypothetical evoked response to sensory stimuli. \
He administered anesthesia to a )Tj
T*
(dog and surgically exposed the surface \(cortex\) of its brain. But when\
Caton connected electrodes to the )Tj
T*
(dog's cortex, he received a shock\227and not an electrical one. Since th\
e anesthesized dog was receiving )Tj
T*
(no sensory stimulation, Caton expected its brain to show no physiologica\
l variation. But instead of the )Tj
T*
(expected steady potential, the dog's brain showed what seemed to be a co\
ntinuously changing, rapidly )Tj
T*
(fluctuating electrical potential. The evidence clearly indicated that th\
e brain was no mere stimulus/)Tj
T*
(response automaton: its neutral state was not rest, but activity. At lea\
st, this was the case for "man's best )Tj
T*
(friend." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The recording of the brain activity of human volunteers had to await the\
development of an alternative )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(experimental procedure\227one not requiring surgery to expose the cerebr\
al cortex. The bioelectrical )Tj
T*
(potentials of the brain are extremely weak, on the order of millivolts o\
r less. \(A millivolt is a thousandth )Tj
T*
(of a volt; for comparison, the voltage produced by an ordinary flashligh\
t battery is 1500 millivolts.\) )Tj
T*
(Clearly, the brain's electrical potentials are minute enough even when m\
easured on the surface of the )Tj
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(cortex. But they are many times weaker when measured from the scalp, due\
to the electrical resistance )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(presented by the intervening layers, especially the skull. Even the most\
sensitive instruments available in )Tj
T*
(the nineteenth century were not sensitive enough to record brain waves w\
ith amplitudes on the order of )Tj
T*
(microvolts \(millionths of a volt\). The invention of the vacuum tube am\
plifier in the early twentieth )Tj
T*
(century provided the enormous degrees of amplification necessary for the\
job \(and at the same time also )Tj
T*
(made possible high-fidelity recording, radio, and television\). )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Hans Berger, a German neuropsychiatrist, was able, with the aid of this \
new invention, to record the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(electrical activity of the human brain through the skull and scalp of hu\
man volunteers. Berger was just )Tj
T*
(as surprised by what he found as Caton had been fifty years before. Berg\
er had been expecting to )Tj
T*
(observe the same random fluctuations as had been recorded from the brain\
s of many other animals\227)Tj
T*
(rabbits, dogs, cats, and monkeys. But his human subjects showed striking\
ly rhythmical oscillations. )Tj
T*
(Berger called the record of these brain waves the electroencephalogram \(\
EEG\) and reported that when )Tj
T*
(subjects were allowed to shut their eyes, lie back, and relax, their bra\
inwaves showed very regular )Tj
T*
(oscillations repeating about ten times per second. This was the famous "\
alpha rhythm" \(so named by its )Tj
T*
(discoverer\), indicating a state of relaxation \(as well as meditation\)\
. Berger found that its frequency )Tj
T*
(\(number of waves per second\) fell within the range of eight to twelve \
per second, and the alpha rhythm )Tj
T*
(disappeared when the subject received an unexpected stimulus, such as a \
handclap. At last science was )Tj
T*
(in possession of a window promising a clear view of the mind. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(It is interesting to note that Berger's observations were at first met w\
ith considerable skepticism in the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(scientific community. Most electrophysiologists felt Berger's alpha rhyt\
hm was merely the result of )Tj
T*
(some sort of measurement error rather than a genuine product of brain ac\
tivity. The experts had two )Tj
T*
(reasons to be dubious. In the first place they believed the only kind of\
electrical activity the brain could )Tj
T*
(give rise to was the "spike potentials" associated with firing of nerve \
cells. Secondly, the very regularity )Tj
T*
(of Berger's alleged alpha rhythm seemed to mark it as deriving from some\
malfunctioning equipment )Tj
T*
(rather than the human brain\227nature is seldom so tidy. After being rep\
licated by scientists at Cambridge )Tj
T*
(University, Berger's basic findings gained general acceptance, and the s\
cience of )Tj
T*
(electroencephalography began to grow in earnest. Among Berger's pioneer \
explorations into the relation )Tj
T*
(of the state of consciousness and the brain was the first EEG recording \
of sleep. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Berger's initial observation that the EEG shows consistent changes at sl\
eep onset was extended by a )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(series of studies at Harvard University in the 1930s.)Tj
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( The Harvard group classified waking and sleeping )Tj
-21.10414 -1.2 Td
(EEGs into five stages, and made observations suggesting that dreaming oc\
curred during the lighter )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(stages of sleep. A similar series of investigations at the University of\
Chicago during the same period )Tj
T*
(studied variations in the mental activity reported by subjects awakened \
from various stages of sleep, )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(concluding that dreaming seldom occurred during the deepest phase of sle\
ep.)Tj
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(2)Tj
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( These studies suggested )Tj
-31.21214 -1.2 Td
(the possibility that the study of dreaming might be made more objective \
and scientific if there were )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(some way to be sure whether or not a given person actually dreamed, and \
if so, when. However, it was )Tj
T*
(several decades before this possibility was pursued. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In the late 1940s, it was discovered that stimulating a network of nerve\
s in the brain stem called the )Tj
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(reticular formation led to cortical activation. For example, stimulation\
of the reticular formation caused )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(sleeping cats to awaken; conversely, its destruction resulted in a state\
of permanent coma. Since sensory )Tj
T*
(input is the major source of activation of the reticular formation, it w\
as theorized that sleep might )Tj
T*
(involve processes that somehow inhibited neuronal activity in the reticu\
lar system. Sleep onset could be )Tj
T*
(due to the decreased reticular activity, as a passive result of diminish\
ed sensory input. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The view of sleep onset as a passive process has obvious merit: isn't it\
easier for almost anyone to fall )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(asleep in a quiet, dark room than in a noisy, brightly illuminated one? \
But the theory of sleep as a mere )Tj
T*
(passive result of decreased sensory input also has obvious limitations: \
After all, no matter how dark and )Tj
T*
(quiet the room is, if you don't )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(feel )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(sleepy, you are likely to remain awake. On the other hand, if you have )Tj
T*
(been awake long enough, you will be able to sleep anywhere, even standin\
g up at a rock concert! )Tj
T*
(Obviously, sleep onset cannot be explained by this theory alone. It was,\
therefore, not surprising when )Tj
T*
(evidence was later found for the existence of )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(active )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(sleep-inducing \(hypnogenic\) centers in the brain )Tj
T*
(stem, forebrain and other areas, where electrical or neurochemical stimu\
lation leads to sleep. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This was essentially the point scientific knowledge on the biology of sl\
eep and dreaming had reached by )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the late 1940s. Sleep was viewed as one end of a continuum of arousal. A\
t the other end of this )Tj
T*
(continuum was wakefulness ranging in degrees from relaxation, through at\
tentiveness and vigilant )Tj
T*
(alertness, reaching the extreme of mania or panic. Where you were on thi\
s spectrum of arousal depended )Tj
T*
(upon the degree of activity in your reticular formation. In this view, s\
leep was a unitary phenomenon; )Tj
T*
(the deepest and shallowest stages differed only in their degrees of arou\
sal. Dreaming, having been found )Tj
T*
(to occur more frequently in the lighter stages of sleep, was regarded as\
the confused meanderings of a )Tj
T*
(partially awake, and therefore partially functioning, mind. As for the o\
nset of sleep, this was thought to )Tj
T*
(be a passive process caused by decreased sensory input, resulting in dim\
inishing activity of the reticular )Tj
T*
(system until the lower levels of arousal associated with sleep were reac\
hed. As it turns out, this old view )Tj
T*
(of sleep and dreams has been largely superseded by the new views created\
by the dramatic )Tj
T*
(developments of the 1950s. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 208.15616 274.84573 Tm
(Dreaming and REM Sleep )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 238.59093 Tm
(In 1952, Eugene Aserinsky, then a graduate student working under Nathani\
el Kleitman at the University )Tj
T*
(of Chicago, made a serendipitous observation while studying the sleep pa\
tterns of infants. Aserinsky )Tj
T*
(noticed that periods of eye movement and other indications of activity s\
eemed to alternate regularly with )Tj
T*
(periods of comparatively quiet sleep. These recurring periods of rapid e\
ye movement, or REM, could be )Tj
T*
(easily observed by means of electrodes taped next to the subject's eyes\227\
the resulting record being )Tj
T*
(called an electro-oculogram or EOG. Simultaneous polygraphic recording o\
f the EEG and EOG showed )Tj
T*
(the periods of REM activity to be accompanied by readings indicating lig\
ht sleep. Furthermore, when )Tj
T*
(subjects \(adults in this case\) were awakened from these REM \(pronounc\
ed to rhyme with "them"\) )Tj
T*
(periods, they almost always reported vivid dreams; in contrast, they rep\
orted dreams only a fifth as often )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(when awakened from other phases of sleep \(collectively referred to as "\
non-REM sleep," or NREM\))Tj
ET
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(3)Tj
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( )Tj
-40.52414 -2.55714 Td
(Science finally appeared to have the key to dreams in hand\227or at leas\
t the key to such puzzles as how )Tj
ET
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/Artifact <>BDC
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9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
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(often and how long we dream, and whether there are people who never drea\
m, or only people who never )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(remember their dreams. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Among those working in Kleitman's laboratories was a second-year medical\
student named William C. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Dement, who, after finishing medical school, eamed a Ph.D. in physiology\
under Kleitman. For his )Tj
T*
(doctoral dissertation, Dement carried out an extensive program of experi\
ments designed to further )Tj
T*
(elucidate the relation of REM sleep \(the term, incidentally, was coined\
by Dement\) to dreaming. )Tj
T*
(Dement's pioneering investigation revealed a number of the basic charact\
eristics of REM dreams. )Tj
T*
(Among these results was the discovery of a direct relationship between t\
he amount of REM sleep )Tj
T*
(allowed before subjects were awakened and the length of their subsequent\
dream reports: The longer the )Tj
T*
(REM time before awakening, the longer the dreams. This provided the firs\
t \(although indirect\) evidence )Tj
T*
(for a correspondence between physical time and dream time. Dement also p\
resented evidence for a )Tj
T*
(rather precise correspondence between the direction of eye movements and\
the direction of dream gaze )Tj
T*
(changes reported upon awakening. The suggestion that REMs are the result\
of the dreamer looking )Tj
T*
(about in his dreams has since generated considerable controversy. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(I will only note in passing that in the last 30 years, thousands of slee\
p and dream studies have resulted )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(from the groundbreaking work of Aserinsky, Dement, and Kleitman. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 93.24577 426.04572 Tm
(The Psychophysiological Approach to Dream Research )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 389.79092 Tm
(Why did the study of dreaming become scientifically respectable and the \
subject of widespread interest )Tj
T*
(after the discovery of REM sleep? This question was answered in a paper \
by Johan Stoyva and Joe )Tj
T*
(Kamiya entitled "Electrophysiological Studies of Dreaming as the Prototy\
pe of a New Strategy in the )Tj
T*
(Study of Consciousness." The studies of dreaming referred to in the titl\
e are those correlating )Tj
T*
(electrophysiological measurements with subjective reports. According to \
Stoyva and Kamiya, this is an )Tj
T*
(instance of "converging operations," in which the agreement of objective\
measurements and subjective )Tj
T*
(reports provides a degree of validation for a hypothetical \(because not\
publicly observable\) mental state. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Since the subject's report is the most direct account available concerni\
ng his mental processes, scientists )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(would naturally like to make use of it. However, there is a problem. Her\
aclitus called the senses bad )Tj
T*
(witnesses, and of these bad witnesses, the "introspective sense" seems t\
o be the most unreliable. Given )Tj
T*
(that the only "eyewitness" to dreaming is this introspective sense, we n\
eed a means of corroborating its )Tj
T*
(testimony. Concurrent physiological measurements could sometimes provide\
the necessary )Tj
T*
(circumstantial evidence to validate the subjective report. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 229.24501 131.26112 Tm
(The Stages of Sleep )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 95.00633 Tm
(In 1957 Dement and Kleitman introduced a new set of criteria for classif\
ying sleep stages that )Tj
T*
(subsequently gained wide acceptance. However, because of certain ambigui\
ties in the application of )Tj
T*
(some of the criteria, disagreements arose between different groups of re\
searchers about the precise )Tj
T*
(scoring of the sleep stages. This meant that the results of studies from\
one laboratory could not )Tj
ET
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/Artifact <>BDC
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(necessarily be compared to studies elsewhere. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(To remove what was becoming a serious impediment to growth in the field,\
the UCLA Brain )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Information Service sponsored a project to develop an absolutely unambig\
uous manual for sleep-stage )Tj
T*
(scoring. A committee refined Dement and Kleitman's original criteria to \
the currently universally )Tj
T*
(accepted formulations described in )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring )Tj
T*
(System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(The manual's precision established a high degree of )Tj
T*
(agreement between different laboratories regarding the measurement and s\
coring of sleep. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(According to the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Manual, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(standard sleep-stage scoring requires the simultaneous recording of thre\
e )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(parameters: brain waves \(EEG\), eye movements \(EOG\), and muscle tensi\
on \(EMG\). All of this is )Tj
T*
(ordinarily recorded on a polygraph machine, which takes a form much like\
the standard "lie-detector" )Tj
T*
(polygraphs: tracings in ink of several channels of physiological data on\
a continuously moving strip of )Tj
T*
(paper. When a subject spends the night in a dream laboratory, the machin\
e uses up over a thousand feet )Tj
T*
(of paper! The following is a synopsis of what this record might reveal t\
o the trained eye of the dream )Tj
T*
(researcher, and of what you might experience during a typical night of s\
leep. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(As you lie in bed relaxed but awake, preparing to sleep, your EEG will p\
robably exhibit Berger's alpha )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(rhythm almost continuously; your EOG may show occasional blinking and is\
olated rapid eye )Tj
T*
(movements; and finally, your EMG will probably indicate a moderate degre\
e of muscle tension. If, on )Tj
T*
(the contrary, you were for any reason particularly tense, you might show\
little or no alpha rhythm and )Tj
T*
(very high muscle tension. Whether you are relaxed or aroused, terrified \
or calm is of no concern to the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
T*
(Manual; )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(as long as you are awake, your state is termed "Stage W." Surprisingly, \
in spite of being )Tj
T*
("awake" in both subjective and physiological terms, subjects not infrequ\
ently recount vivid reveries )Tj
T*
(when asked for reports of their mental activity during Stage W. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(After lying in bed for a few minutes in a quiet, darkened room you would\
likely become drowsy. Your )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(subjective sensation of drowsiness is objectively registered by a change\
in your brain waves: Your )Tj
T*
(formerly continuous alpha rhythm gradually breaks up into progressively \
shorter trains of regular alpha )Tj
T*
(waves and is replaced by low-voltage mixed-frequency EEG activity. When \
less than half of an epoch )Tj
T*
(\(usually 30 seconds\) is occupied by continuous alpha rhythm, sleep ons\
et is considered to have occurred )Tj
T*
(and Stage 1 sleep is scored. At this point, your EOG would reveal slowly\
drifting eye movements )Tj
T*
(\(SEMs\); your muscle tone might decrease or remain the same. If you wer\
e awake at this point, you )Tj
T*
(might well report "hypnagogic" \(leading into sleep\) imagery, which can\
be extremely vivid and bizarre, )Tj
T*
(as the following report suggests: "I was observing the inside of a pleur\
al [chest] cavity. There were small )Tj
T*
(people in it, like in a room. The people were hairy, like monkeys. The w\
alls of the pleural cavity are )Tj
T*
(made of ice and slippery. In the mid-part there is an ivory bench with p\
eople sitting on it. Some people )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(are throwing balls of cheese against the inner side of the chest wall.")Tj
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( )Tj
-27.78714 -2.55714 Td
(Beyond the seemingly meaningless distortions of the preceding report, St\
age 1 hypnagogic imagery can )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(also take on a uniquely archetypal character and significance, as illust\
rated by another subject's )Tj
T*
(experience: "I saw the huge torso of a man," she reported, "rising out o\
f the depths of a profoundly dark-)Tj
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(blue sea. I knew, somehow, that he was a god. Between his shoulders, in \
place of a head, he had a large )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(golden disc engraved with ancient designs. It reminded me of the high ar\
t of the Incas. He continued to )Tj
T*
(rise out of the sea. The rays of light streaming out from behind him tol\
d me the sun was setting. People, )Tj
T*
(clothed in dark garments, were diving into his face\227the golden disc. \
I knew they were dead, and it )Tj
T*
(seemed to me they were being 'redeemed' by this action. This image was v\
ery significant for me, yet I )Tj
T*
(did not know exactly why." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Stage 1 is a very light stage of sleep, described by most subjects as "d\
rowsiness" or "drifting off to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(sleep." Normally, it lasts only a few minutes before further EEG changes\
occur, defining another sleep )Tj
T*
(stage. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(As you descend deeper into sleep, Stage 2 occurs. The EEG is marked by t\
he appearance of relatively )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(high-amplitude slow waves called "K-complexes" as well as 12-14 Hz \(the\
standard unit for frequency is )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(the Hertz, abbreviated to Hz\))Tj
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( rhythms called "sleep spindles." Your EOG would generally indicate litt\
le )Tj
-11.99214 -1.2 Td
(eye movement, and the EMG would show somewhat decreased muscle tone. Rep\
orts of mental activity )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(from this stage of sleep are likely to be less bizarre and more realisti\
c than those from Stage 1. )Tj
T*
(Nevertheless, during Stage 2 sleep and particularly later in the night, \
you might report lengthy and vivid )Tj
T*
(dreams, especially if you are a light sleeper. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(At this point, high-amplitude slow waves gradually begin to appear in yo\
ur EEG. When at least twenty )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(percent of an epoch is occupied by these "delta" waves \(1-2 Hz\), Stage\
3 sleep is defined. Usually, this )Tj
T*
(slow wave activity increases until it completely dominates the appearanc\
e of the EEG. When the )Tj
T*
(proportion of delta EEG activity exceeds fifty percent of an epoch, Stag\
e 3 becomes Stage 4, the )Tj
T*
("deepest" stage of sleep. During stages 3 and 4, often collectively refe\
rred to as "delta sleep," your EOG )Tj
T*
(channel would show no eye movements, but only the brain's delta waves. M\
uscle tone is normally low, )Tj
T*
(although it can be remarkably high, as when sleep-walking or sleep-talki\
ng occurs. Recall of mental )Tj
T*
(activity on arousal from delta sleep is generally very poor and fragment\
ary, and more thought-like than )Tj
T*
(dreamlike. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(After about an hour and a half, the progression of sleep stages is rever\
sed, and you cycle back through )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Stage 3 and Stage 2 to Stage 1 again. But by the time the EEG reveals yo\
u have crossed the border to )Tj
T*
(Stage 1 again, your EMG would show virtually no activity at all, indicat\
ing your muscle tone has )Tj
T*
(reached its lowest possible level. Your EOG now discloses the occurrence\
of rapid eye movements, at )Tj
T*
(first only a few at a time, but later in dramatic profusion. You are, of\
course, now in "dreaming"\227or )Tj
T*
(REM\227sleep. This state has also been referred to as "paradoxical sleep\
," "ascending Stage 1 REM," and )Tj
T*
(most recently, "active sleep," in contrast to which NREM sleep is called\
"quiet sleep." In the dream lab, )Tj
T*
(eighty to ninety percent of all awakenings from REM sleep yield recall o\
f vivid and sometimes )Tj
T*
(extremely detailed dreams. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(After a period of REM sleep lasting perhaps five to fifteen minutes, you\
typically go through the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(preceding cycle again, vividly dreaming three or four more times during \
the remainder of the night, with )Tj
T*
(two major modifications. One is that decreasing amounts of slow-wave EEG\
activity \(stages 3 and 4, or )Tj
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(delta sleep\) occur in each successive cycle. Later in the night, perhap\
s after the second or third REM )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(period, no delta sleep appears at all, only NREM Stage 2 and REM. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The other modification of the sleep cycle is that as the night proceeds,\
successive REM periods tend to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(increase in length\227up to a point. While the first REM period commonly\
lasts less than ten minutes, later )Tj
T*
(REM periods often last thirty or forty minutes; an hour or more is not u\
ncommon late in the sleep cycle. )Tj
T*
(At the same time REM periods are getting longer, the intervals between t\
hem tend to decrease in length, )Tj
T*
(from the approximately ninety minutes characteristic of the first part o\
f the night to as little as twenty or )Tj
T*
(thirty minutes in the late morning. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(All of these details may be beginning to sound unnecessarily technical a\
nd perhaps of interest only to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(academics or specialists. Not so. The fact that REM periods get longer a\
nd closer together as the night )Tj
T*
(progresses has the greatest practical significance for dreamers: In a ni\
ght when you get seven hours of )Tj
T*
(sleep, fifty percent of your dreaming time will fall in the last two hou\
rs. If you can afford to sleep an )Tj
T*
(extra hour, it will be almost all dreaming time. So if you want to culti\
vate your dream life, you will have )Tj
T*
(to find a way to sleep late\227at least on weekends. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 174.50769 459.64572 Tm
(The New World of Lucid Dreaming )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 423.39093 Tm
(Although scientific interest in the study of dreams underwent an unprece\
dented period of rapid growth )Tj
T*
(that started in the 1950s, this peaked in the mid-1960s and declined the\
reafter. However, at the same )Tj
T*
(time scientific interest in dreaming was beginning to wane, popular inte\
rest in dreams, especially lucid )Tj
T*
(dreams, began to wax. Most recently, we have seen a renewal of scientifi\
c interest in the dream state, as )Tj
T*
(indicated by the first laboratory studies of lucid dreaming and by an ex\
tremely rapid, almost explosive, )Tj
T*
(growth in scientific attention to the phenomenon. How did all this come \
about? )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(A number of factors have contributed to the birth of the science of luci\
d dreams. The )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(psychophysiological dream research of the 1950s and 1960s was undoubtedl\
y important, providing as it )Tj
T*
(did the basic methodology for the laboratory studies of lucid dreaming d\
estined to follow in the late )Tj
T*
(1970s and beyond. But it is as if the earlier research merely prepared t\
he ground for what was to come )Tj
T*
(later. Other events were more responsible for planting the seeds of inte\
rest in lucid dreaming that have )Tj
T*
(recently begun to yield an abundant harvest. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(One of the most important of these events was the publication in 1968 of\
a book entitled )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(Lucid Dreams, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 -1.2 TD
(by Celia Green, an English parapsychologist. The book was based upon the\
published accounts we have )Tj
T*
(already largely reviewed as well as upon case material collected by the \
Institute of Psychophysical )Tj
T*
(Research, which Green directs. The Institute's activities, it should be \
noted, are not actually in the field )Tj
T*
(of psychophysiology, but in the field of parapsychology. Green's interes\
t in lucid dreaming connects )Tj
T*
(with an English tradition in parapsychology going back to Frederic W. H.\
Myers and the founding of the )Tj
T*
(Society for Psychical Research in the nineteenth century. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(However, it is important to understand the context in which most scienti\
sts put )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(Lucid Dreams )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(as a result )Tj
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(of its author's professional identification. A decade later, Green could\
still assert, not without truth, that )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
("lucid dreams are not studied except by those with an interest in paraps\
ychology. ")Tj
ET
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(6)Tj
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( I am afraid that one )Tj
-33.44614 -1.2 Td
(of the reasons more conventional scientists remained uninclined to study\
lucid dreams was exactly )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(because parapsychologists )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(were )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(interested in the topic, giving lucid dreams the unwarranted reputation \
)Tj
T*
(of being somehow related to ghosts, telepathy, flying saucers, and other\
topics regarded by traditional )Tj
T*
(science as superstitious nonsense. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Whatever the reason, the time was evidently simply not yet ripe for the \
scientific study of lucid dreams. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Even as recently as 1976, Green made the following eloquent appeal: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(In the case of lucid dreaming, one might think that the paradoxical natu\
re of the )Tj
T*
(phenomenon would make a thorough investigation of it particularly intere\
sting. It might )Tj
T*
(be thought that it would be interesting to discover what the neurophysio\
logical state of a )Tj
T*
(person was when their mind was in a state of rational activity although \
they were )Tj
T*
(physically asleep. If this state should turn out to be exactly the same \
as that of a person )Tj
T*
(who was asleep and dreaming in the ordinary manner, this would be strang\
e and )Tj
T*
(interesting. If it should turn out to be different, the nature of the di\
fferences might shed )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(light on the true nature of sleep and the true nature of rational mental\
functioning.)Tj
ET
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( )Tj
-35.90329 -2.55714 Td
(Green's book represented the most extensive review of the available lite\
rature on the topic, and was also )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(quite scholarly in its treatment of the subject. In spite of this, it ha\
d a cool reception in academic circles; )Tj
T*
(ironically, its dry analytical style was probably a major factor limitin\
g its popular success. Nevertheless, )Tj
T*
(the book appears to have stimulated an interest in lucid dreaming in a n\
umber of individuals who were )Tj
T*
(to play prominent roles in the development of the field. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In the United States, Charles Tart's 1969 book )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Altered States of Consciousness )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(probably generated even )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(more widespread interest in lucid dreams than Green's less well-known bo\
ok. Tart's anthology reprinted )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(thirty-five scientific papers on a variety of subjects, including the hy\
pnagogic state, dream )Tj
T*
(consciousness, hypnosis, meditation, and psychedelic drugs. These were a\
ll very topical issues during )Tj
T*
(the late 1960s, and the book generated widespread interest. It was undou\
btedly influential for many )Tj
T*
(young scientists developing an interest in the rich research possibiliti\
es presented by altered states of )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(consciousness. I was certainly one of these, and I could not have failed\
to notice the words with which )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Tart introduced the volume: "Whenever I speak on the topic of dreams," h\
e wrote, "I mention a very )Tj
T*
(unusual sort of dream, the 'lucid' dream in which the dreamer knows he i\
s dreaming and feels fully )Tj
T*
(conscious in the dream itself." Aside from briefly introducing the topic\
and testifying to having had a )Tj
T*
(few lucid dreams himself, Tart reprinted van Eeden's classic paper "A St\
udy of Dreams." He thereby did )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(a whole generation of future lucid dreamers a valuable service by making\
this work available, and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(provided for many \(including myself\) their first acquaintance with bot\
h the term and concept of "lucid )Tj
T*
(dreams." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Ann Faraday's popular books had a great impact on the public awareness o\
f dream consciousness in the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(early 1970s. Faraday, a psychotherapist and former sleep researcher, tre\
ated lucid dreaming in )Tj
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/Artifact <>BDC
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(unreservedly positive terms. "This remarkable state of consciousness," s\
he wrote, "is in my view one of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the most exciting frontiers of human experience. ..." Faraday believed t\
hat lucid dreams were occasioned )Tj
T*
(by a movement toward self-integration in waking life, and stated that " \
...one of the most thrilling )Tj
T*
(rewards of playing the dream game is that this type of consciousness, wi\
th its feeling of 'other )Tj
T*
(worldliness,' begins to manifest itself much more frequently as self-awa\
reness grows through dream )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(work.")Tj
ET
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( )Tj
-3.07014 -2.55714 Td
(Probably only one other author has influenced public opinion regarding d\
reaming as much as\227and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(perhaps even more than\227Ann Faraday. I am referring to Patricia Garfie\
ld, whose 1974 book, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Creative )Tj
T*
(Dreaming, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(contains a wonderful collection of tools for lucid dream work as well as\
a great deal of )Tj
T*
(fascinating information, including a survey of approaches to dream contr\
ol in a variety of cultures. )Tj
T*
(Garfield also gives an account of her development of fairly frequent \(a\
pproximately weekly\) experiences )Tj
T*
(of lucid dreaming that I found personally valuable. Her pioneering effor\
ts at learning lucid dreaming )Tj
T*
(were some of the inspirations that helped me when I was attempting to do\
the same. As for )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Creative )Tj
T*
(Dreaming, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(I would venture to say, without fear of contradiction, that it was inest\
imably influential in )Tj
T*
(stimulating the current revolution in lucid dream work. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(There is one more author whose books have contributed significantly to t\
he development of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(contemporary interest in lucid dreaming, and that is Carlos Castaneda. W\
hether his entertaining and )Tj
T*
(immensely popular works are "fictional nonfiction" or "nonfiction fictio\
n," as various defenders and )Tj
T*
(detractors have claimed, is a controversial question. However, several o\
f his books mention an unusual )Tj
T*
(state of consciousness that bears a definite resemblance to lucid dreami\
ng. Castaneda refers to this state )Tj
T*
(as )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
("dreaming." )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Incidentally, I am perhaps not alone in wondering how the distinction be\
tween )Tj
T*
("dreaming" and )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
("dreaming" )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(was maintained in the original conversations, since italics are rather m\
ore )Tj
T*
(difficult to achieve with the spoken word than with the written. Maybe t\
he explanation is that "Carlos" )Tj
T*
(and "don Juan" never felt it necessary to talk about "ordinary" dreaming\
at all. The broad appeal of his )Tj
T*
(books provided many people with their first introduction to the concept \
of lucid dreaming, so perhaps it )Tj
T*
(doesn't much matter how Castaneda set his type. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Whenever I lecture on the topic of lucid dreaming, someone always brings\
up the topic of Carlos )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Castaneda, usually mentioning the famous incident in )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Journey to Ixtl\341n )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(in which the character "don )Tj
T*
(Juan" teaches the character "Carlos" to find his hand in a dream, ostens\
ibly as a means of stabilizing )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
T*
(dreaming. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Since "Carlos" is consistently presented as a bumbling idiot, learning t\
o find his hand )Tj
T*
(anywhere at all may be considered an improvement. But for most other wou\
ld-be lucid dreamers, )Tj
T*
(remembering to find your hand might be useful as a lucidity cue, but onc\
e you are lucid, there are a )Tj
T*
(number of more interesting things to do. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(What, my audience further wants to know, do I think of the Castaneda boo\
ks? I generally imply that we )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(owe Castaneda a debt of gratitude because his "tales of power" have serv\
ed to inspire so many readers to )Tj
T*
(explore their inner worlds and to open their minds to the possibilities \
of alternate realities. That is the )Tj
T*
(good news. As for the bad, the weight of evidence seems to contradict th\
e notion that these books are )Tj
T*
("nonfiction," as their author claims. For example, an ethnobotanist has \
argued that based on the flora and )Tj
ET
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/Artifact <>BDC
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9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
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(fauna Carlos claims to have encountered in the Sonoran desert, it would \
not be outrageous to conclude )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(that Castaneda, the anthropologist, has never been there. In any case, t\
he desert that Castaneda, the )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(author, describes is apparently not the one he claims it is.)Tj
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( Similarly, based on Carlos's account of the )Tj
-23.24313 -1.69632 Td
(world of )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(dreaming, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(I am led to wonder whether he has ever really been there either.)Tj
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( )Tj
-34.17729 -2.55714 Td
(The seminal contributions of Green, Tart, Garfield, Faraday, and Castane\
da during the late 1960s and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(early 1970s combined to produce a highly favorable climate for the devel\
opment of widespread interest )Tj
T*
(in lucid dreaming, not only among the general public, but among graduate\
students and others in training )Tj
T*
(to become experimental psychologists and researchers. But in order to un\
derstand the difficulties that )Tj
T*
(had to be overcome before lucid dreaming became scientifically acceptabl\
e, we must also find out how )Tj
T*
(the topic was viewed from the establishment side of the wall. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In the academic world, the reigning attitude regarding lucid dreams star\
kly contrasted with the attitudes )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(we have just surveyed, and can be summarized in a single word: skepticis\
m. Among professional sleep )Tj
T*
(and dream researchers, the orthodox view seemed to be that there was som\
ething philosophically )Tj
T*
(objectionable about the very notion of lucid dreaming. Because of the ph\
ilosophical nature of this )Tj
T*
(skepticism, it would be informative to consider first what the philosoph\
ers of the time had to say on the )Tj
T*
(topic. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The most influential philosophical writing on dreaming since the 1950s i\
s probably Norman Malcolm's )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(monograph )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Dreaming,)Tj
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( a book containing quite a number of remarkably provocative assertions. \
)Tj
-9.8243 -1.2 Td
(Professor Malcolm, an analytic philosopher, promises at the outset to ch\
allenge common sense and the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(generally accepted view that dreams are experiences we have during sleep\
and may or may not later )Tj
T*
(recall upon awakening. On the contrary, he claims, what is ordinarily me\
ant by a "dream" is not in fact )Tj
T*
(an "experience during sleep" at all. Instead, examination of the common \
usage of the word "dreams" )Tj
T*
(indicates that it refers only to the curious stories people tell upon aw\
akening from sleep. If you want to )Tj
T*
(know what we call the experiences we have during sleep later reported as\
"dreams," Malcolm will only )Tj
T*
(tell you that we don't call them anything and it would be nonsense to do\
otherwise. Why? Because, he )Tj
T*
(claims, what we mean by "sleep" is not a condition in which we are exper\
iencing anything at all. Writing )Tj
T*
(in the heyday of psychophysiological dream research, the philosopher aud\
aciously dismisses as )Tj
T*
("irrelevant" the findings of that entire field. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Finally, as a corollary to the notion that being "asleep" means experien\
cing nothing whatsoever, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Professor Malcolm concludes that the statement "I am asleep" is meaningl\
ess. Moreover, he )Tj
T*
(demonstrates \(to his own satisfaction\) that "the idea that someone mig\
ht reason, judge, imagine or have )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(impressions, presentations, illusions or hallucinations, while asleep, i\
s a meaningless idea. ...")Tj
ET
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( Having )Tj
-38.20329 -1.2 Td
(established the impossibility of making judgements in sleep, he reduces \
lucid dreaming to absurdity: "If )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
('I am dreaming' could express a judgement it would imply the judgement '\
I am asleep,' and therefore the )Tj
T*
(absurdity of the latter proves the absurdity of the former." Thus "the s\
upposed judgement that one is )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(dreaming" is "unintelligible" and "an inherently absurd form of words.")Tj
ET
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(These curious conclusions illustrate that a valid argument can lead to a\
n absurdly false conclusion if the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(premises upon which it is based happen to be wrong. In Malcolm's case, h\
e has erred on two of his )Tj
T*
(assumptions. The first is his misunderstanding of the everyday use of th\
e term dream. We do use it in )Tj
T*
(reference to stories or dream reports, but also in reference to the expe\
riences we are reporting. Second, )Tj
T*
(there are more varieties of being "asleep" than the hypothetical conditi\
on in which we are experiencing )Tj
T*
(nothing at all. Dreams themselves provide an obvious example, but also t\
here is sleepwalking and )Tj
T*
("fitful" sleep. I realize that the arguments I have offered would seem s\
omehow deficient to Malcolm, but )Tj
T*
(there is a simpler refutation of his views that will be obvious enough t\
o you if you have ever had a lucid )Tj
T*
(dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Common sense may well cry, Enough! Can't we dispense with philosophy ent\
irely and get on with the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dream? No, because "having no philosophy" is itself a naive philosophy l\
ikely to obscure one's vision. )Tj
T*
(Scientists, including sleep and dream researchers, tend to think of them\
selves as "philosophy-free," but )Tj
T*
(this doesn't mean it is so. Moreover, untested philosophical assumptions\
have until recently blocked the )Tj
T*
(scientific study and acceptance of lucid dreaming. Up until the past few\
years, most dream experts )Tj
T*
(considered lucid dreaming impossible on essentially philosophical ground\
s: it just didn't seem to be the )Tj
T*
(sort of thing that could happen during what they meant by "sleep" and "d\
reaming." Five or ten years ago, )Tj
T*
(the orthodox view regarding "lucid dreams" was essentially identical to \
the orthodox view of a century )Tj
T*
(ago as expressed by Alfred Maury, that "these dreams could not be dreams\
." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Among sleep \(as opposed to dream\) researchers, those whose studies wer\
e exclusively physiological had )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(no more to say about lucid dreaming than about any other form of mental \
activity. On the other hand, )Tj
T*
(most of those using psychophysiological methods \(considering the dreame\
r's subjective report in )Tj
T*
(association with physiological recordings\) either ignored, or at most f\
ootnoted and dismissed, anecdotes )Tj
T*
(of lucid dreaming as too irrelevant or inconsequential to merit further \
investigation. What was the reason )Tj
T*
(for this rather ostrich-like behavior? I believe there were at least two\
contributing factors, present in )Tj
T*
(varying proportions from one case to another. One of the factors, and I \
think the major one, we have )Tj
T*
(already mentioned: the "philosophical" climate of the time made lucid dr\
eaming an awkward notion )Tj
T*
(because of the generally held set of theoretical assumptions about the n\
ature of the dream state. There )Tj
T*
(was also the Freudian conception of the dream as a seething cauldron of \
irrationality and primitive )Tj
T*
(impulses. This was not the sort of place to expect rational waking thoug\
ht, much less consciousness\227a )Tj
T*
(suspect concept anyway in a psychology ruled by dogmatic behaviorism for\
the past fifty or sixty years. )Tj
T*
(Thus, through the lenses of mainstream psychology's accepted assumptions\
, lucid dreaming appeared as )Tj
T*
(quite distorted or ghostly\227that is to say, nearly nonexistent. Lucidi\
ty was the ghost in the dream! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The second factor is the result of a rather common and readily observabl\
e human tendency: the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(inclination to "pass the buck." How many times have you heard someone sa\
y, "It's not my problem" or )Tj
T*
("It's not my responsibility?" If reports of lucid dreaming actually deri\
ved from, say, waking fantasies, )Tj
T*
(then sleep and dream researchers could say without qualm, "It's not my p\
roblem," and get back to their )Tj
T*
(own interesting problems without further delay. As for lucid dreams, som\
eone else was going to have to )Tj
T*
(worry about them, whatever they might prove to be. )Tj
ET
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/Artifact <>BDC
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(As for the footnotes \(and the first two references are literally that\)\
, here is a sample: Ernest Hartmann of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Tufts University called lucid dreaming an occasional exception to the us\
ual acceptance by the dreamer )Tj
T*
(of the bizarre and even the impossible in dreams, and hazarded the impre\
ssion that "such events are not )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(typical parts of dreaming thought, but rather brief partial arousals.")Tj
ET
0 0 1 RG
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395.47998 705.09912 l
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0 0 1 rg
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/T1_0 1 Tf
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(14)Tj
0 0 0 rg
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( Arousals, whether "partial" or )Tj
-27.53429 -1.2 Td
("brief," meant waking states, and if this were so, lucid dreams would lo\
gically belong in someone else's )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(field. On the other coast, Ralph Berger of the University of California \
at Santa Cruz noted the same )Tj
T*
(exception: "Occasionally, the dreamer may 'realize' during dreaming that\
he is dreaming. But there have )Tj
T*
(not been any experiments to determine whether or not these instances are\
accompanied by momentary )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(physiological awakenings. ...")Tj
ET
178.25201 614.15063 m
188.25201 614.15063 l
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0 0 1 rg
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/T1_0 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 178.25201 615.66266 Tm
(15)Tj
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( Again, here is the suspicion that lucid dreaming ought to belong to )Tj
-12.73228 -1.2 Td
(studies of waking rather than sleep. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In 1978 a well-known sleep and dream researcher, Allan Rechtschaffen of \
the University of Chicago, )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(published an influential paper entitled "The single mindedness and isola\
tion of dreams.")Tj
ET
503.59799 537.80219 m
513.59802 537.80219 l
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0 0 1 rg
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 503.59799 539.31421 Tm
(16)Tj
0 0 0 rg
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( This essay )Tj
-35.97128 -1.2 Td
(appears to have made, as he said himself, "perhaps too much of" nonrefle\
ctiveness as an almost constant )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(attribute of dreams. Dr. Rechtschaffen treated lucid dreaming as a rare \
exception \(which it is in our time )Tj
T*
(and culture\) that only shows how characteristic nonreflectiveness is of\
dreams. Rechtschaffen )Tj
T*
(demonstrated his theoretical willingness to consider lucid dreaming as a\
legitimate phenomenon of sleep )Tj
T*
(and dreams, by recording one or two self-reported lucid dreamers for a f\
ew nights in his laboratory. )Tj
T*
(Unfortunately, his subjects produced no lucid dreams on those nights and\
his study of lucid dreaming )Tj
T*
(went no further. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Not all sleep and dream researchers seemed to regard lucid dreaming with\
skepticism or virtual )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(indifference. In 1975, while considering "some fanciful implications of \
the reality of dreaming," Dr. )Tj
T*
(William C. Dement of Stanford University gave the impression that he reg\
arded dream control as an )Tj
T*
(intriguing, though unlikely, possibility. Dement also raised the possibi\
lity of lucid dreaming, wondering )Tj
T*
(whether a person "...with the appropriate training or instructions," cou\
ld "enter the dream knowing that it )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(was a dream and knowing his task was to examine it.")Tj
ET
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(17)Tj
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( Five years later, Dement found out that the )Tj
-22.36929 -1.2 Td
(answer to his question was "yes," as the reader shall soon see. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The picture presented by these few references shows that as recently as \
1978, although most )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(contemporary psychophysiological dream researchers had heard reports or \
at least rumors of lucid )Tj
T*
(dreaming, they did not consider it to be of any special significance, or\
a legitimate phenomenon of sleep. )Tj
T*
(If pressed to explain how lucid dreams happened to occur, they would usu\
ally cite a French paper )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(published in 1973 by Schwartz and Lefebvre.)Tj
ET
264.67401 166.70534 m
274.67401 166.70534 l
S
0 0 1 rg
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10 0 0 10 264.67401 168.21733 Tm
(18)Tj
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( This study of patients with various sleep disorders )Tj
-18.90529 -1.2 Td
(revealed that they exhibited an unexpectedly high number of intrusions o\
f wakefulness and partial )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(arousals within their REM periods. Schwartz and Lefebvre proposed that t\
hese partial arousals, which )Tj
T*
(they called "microawakenings," might somehow provide a physiological bas\
is for lucid dreaming. )Tj
T*
(Although the paper has been criticized for the fact that no direct evide\
nce in support of this hypothesis )Tj
T*
(was presented, and because its conclusions were based entirely on the ab\
normal sleep patterns of a few )Tj
T*
(subjects, this explanation seemed to be generally accepted until very re\
cently. It was not until 1981 that )Tj
T*
(the "microawakening" theory of lucid dreaming was successfully challenge\
d, and the majority of the )Tj
ET
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Q
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(membership of the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep\
\(APSS\) came to accept lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreams as the legitimate offspring of paradoxical sleep. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Most scientific fields have professional organizations under whose auspi\
ces researchers present their )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(results to be considered and critiqued. In the case of sleep and dream r\
esearch, the international forum )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(for scientific research is the APSS, founded in 1960.)Tj
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(19)Tj
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( Nearly every professional sleep and dream )Tj
-21.71129 -1.2 Td
(researcher in the Western world belongs to it. At the annual convention \
of the APSS, sleep and dream )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(researchers report the results of their work to their professional colle\
agues, who subject the findings to )Tj
T*
(the critical evaluation which plays such a crucial role in the scientifi\
c process. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(When Patricia Garfield enthusiastically sang the wonders of lucid dreami\
ng to the fifteenth annual )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(meeting of the APSS, in 1975, the response was somewhat mixed. Some drea\
m researchers were )Tj
T*
(intrigued and even excited by her reported successes with dreaming about\
particular topics, and )Tj
T*
(especially by her claim to have voluntarily increased her frequency of l\
ucid dreams. Most members, )Tj
T*
(however, were skeptical. While amateur dreamers everywhere were buying h\
er book, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Creative )Tj
T*
(Dreaming, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(the professionals were not; at least they weren't buying the idea of dre\
am lucidity and )Tj
T*
(control. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Scientists tend to follow a rule of thumb derived from the Marquis de La\
place, a French mathematician )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(and astronomer of the eighteenth century. In matters of scientific judge\
ment, Laplace held to the )Tj
T*
(principle that "the weight of the evidence must be in proportion to the \
strangeness of the fact." In other )Tj
T*
(words, he was willing to accept a hypothetical finding on the basis of r\
elatively little evidence if the )Tj
T*
(finding was consistent with other previously demonstrated results. Howev\
er, if a claim were made that )Tj
T*
(seemingly contradicted a body of accepted observations or theories, he w\
ould admit it to the body of )Tj
T*
(scientific findings only after extensive evidence and the most rigorous \
proof. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(To most dream researchers in 1975, lucid dreaming seemed so strange as t\
o barely merit consideration, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(to say nothing of granting it the status of fact. Why was this? Followin\
g Laplace's principle, of the )Tj
T*
(correspondingly weighty evidence required by the strangeness of the fact\
, there was none at all! That is, )Tj
T*
(none but the fact that some people claimed to have lucid dreams sometime\
s, and also to be able to )Tj
T*
(exercise a considerable degree of control over them. Anecdotes, however,\
carry very little weight in )Tj
T*
(experimental science. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Adding to the negative side of the balance were the results of an experi\
mental study David Foulkes )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(presented at the next meeting of the APSS, in which he attempted to demo\
nstrate that college students )Tj
T*
(could dream about a topic of their own choice. Unfortunately, the studen\
ts\227all of whom had professed )Tj
T*
(interest in dream control as described in Garfield's book\227were unable\
to dream reliably about a )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(preselected topic, and an apparently careful follow-up study yielded the\
same result.)Tj
ET
481.61801 115.80844 m
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(20)Tj
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( )Tj
-34.40129 -2.55714 Td
(These studies considerably dampened whatever little enthusiasm there had\
been for Patricia Garfield and )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0 -1.2 TD
(Creative Dreaming. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Although dream lucidity per se was not tested in any of the studies, its\
plausibility )Tj
ET
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14 0 0 14 10 753.97552 Tm
(seemed to suffer in equal measure\227perhaps a case of guilt by associat\
ion, or a result of Garfield losing )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(credibility. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Things began to look up in 1978, when at the eighteenth annual meeting o\
f the APSS, held in Palo Alto, )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(a group of Canadian researchers reported a degree of success while "sear\
ching for lucid dreams")Tj
ET
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560.13403 686.09912 l
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0 0 1 rg
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(21)Tj
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( in the )Tj
-39.29529 -1.2 Td
(sleep laboratory. Two monitored subjects had reported one and two lucid \
dreams after awakening from )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(REM periods. Unfortunately, no proof was given that the lucid dreams had\
actually occurred )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(during )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(the )Tj
T*
(REM periods preceding the awakenings and reports. Consequently there was\
no way to know whether )Tj
T*
(the lucid dreams had taken place during REM, as opposed to NREM, sleep o\
r even before rather than )Tj
T*
(during or after the awakenings. The subjects themselves were somewhat un\
certain about just when their )Tj
T*
(lucid dreams had taken place. The most they could say was that they had \
the "impression" their lucid )Tj
T*
(dreams had taken place shortly before they awoke and reported them. But \
this was too weak an )Tj
T*
(argument to persuade anyone even moderately skeptical of lucid dreams th\
at they took place during )Tj
T*
(sleep. The Canadian study was further undercut by the fact that its conc\
lusions were based upon a total )Tj
T*
(of no more than three alleged lucid dreams reported by only two subjects\
. The APSS did not seem )Tj
T*
(particularly impressed, to say nothing of convinced. Certainly, "the wei\
ght of the evidence" was not yet )Tj
T*
(in proportion to "the strangeness of the fact." One indication that this\
was the case was the publication )Tj
T*
(later that year of Rechtschaffen's paper mentioned earlier. This widely \
cited and influential work, )Tj
T*
(published in the first issue of )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Sleep, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(the new journal of the APSS, attempted to provide a theoretical )Tj
T*
(basis for why lucid dreaming was unlikely. While stopping short of provi\
ng lucid dreams impossible \(\340 )Tj
T*
(la Norman Malcolm\), Rechtschaffen made them seem peculiar aberrations. \
)Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(It was at this point that I entered the picture. But before I describe m\
y own scientific encounters with the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(APSS, I need to put my lucid dream research in context, and explain how \
I became involved with lucid )Tj
T*
(dreaming in the first place. I have had occasional lucid dreams since I \
was five years old, and over the )Tj
T*
(years developed a strong interest in the subject. I came across Celia Gr\
een's book in the fall of 1976, )Tj
T*
(while browsing through the Palo Alto Public Library. Until that point, I\
had only been acquainted with )Tj
T*
(Frederik van Eeden and Tibetan yoga. I was excited to discover that van \
Eeden was not the only lucid )Tj
T*
(dreamer in Western history. But even more important for me was the reali\
zation that if others had )Tj
T*
(learned to have lucid dreams, then nothing prevented me from doing the s\
ame. Just reading about the )Tj
T*
(topic had resulted in several lucid dreams for me, and before long, in F\
ebruary of 1977, I began my )Tj
T*
(efforts in earnest, starting a journal that seven years later contained \
nearly nine hundred lucid dream )Tj
T*
(reports. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(From the very beginning, I had been interested in the possibility, first\
raised by Charles Tart, of )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(communication from the lucid dream to the outside world, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(while )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(the dream was happening.)Tj
ET
520.552 153.95067 m
530.552 153.95067 l
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(22)Tj
0 0 0 rg
14 0 0 14 530.552 145.47867 Tm
( The )Tj
-37.1823 -1.2 Td
(problem was, since most of the dreamer's body is paralyzed during REM sl\
eep, how could the dreamer )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(send such a message? What might the lucid dreamer be able to do within t\
he dream that could be )Tj
T*
(observed or measured by scientists? A plan suggested itself to me. There\
is one obvious exception to this )Tj
T*
(muscular paralysis, since eye movements are in no way inhibited during R\
EM sleep. After all, it is the )Tj
T*
(occurrence of rapid eye movements that gives this stage of sleep its nam\
e. )Tj
ET
EMC
/Artifact <>BDC
Q
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/T1_0 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
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(Earlier dream studies had shown that there is sometimes a precise corres\
pondence between the direction )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(of dreamers' observable eye movements and the direction they are looking\
in their dreams.)Tj
ET
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(23)Tj
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( In one )Tj
-36.94229 -1.2 Td
(remarkable example, a subject was awakened from REM sleep after making a\
series of about two dozen )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(regular horizontal eye movements. He reported that in his dream he had b\
een watching a Ping-Pong )Tj
T*
(game, and just before being awakened he had been following a long volley\
with his dream gaze. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(I knew that lucid dreamers could freely look in any direction they wishe\
d while in a lucid dream, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(because I had done this myself. It occurred to me that by moving my \(dr\
eam\) eyes in a recognizable )Tj
T*
(pattern, I might be able to send a signal to the outside world when I wa\
s having a lucid dream. I tried )Tj
T*
(this out in the first lucid dream that I recorded: I moved my dream gaze\
up, down, up, down, up, to the )Tj
T*
(count of five. As far as I knew at the time, this was the first signal d\
eliberately transmitted from the )Tj
T*
(dream world. The only trouble, of course, is that there was no one in th\
e outside world to record it! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(What I needed was a dream lab. I knew Stanford University had an excelle\
nt one under the direction of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the sleep and dream research pioneer, Dr. William C. Dement. I made inqu\
iries in the summer of 1977 )Tj
T*
(and found a researcher, Dr. Lynn Nagel, at the Stanford University Sleep\
Research Center who was very )Tj
T*
(interested in the prospects of studying lucid dreams in the laboratory. \
)Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In September of the same year, I applied to Stanford University, proposi\
ng to study lucid dreams as part )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(of a Ph.D. program in psychophysiology. My proposal was approved, and in\
the fall of 1977 I started my )Tj
T*
(work on lucid dreams. Serving on my faculty committee were professors Ka\
rl Pribram and Roger )Tj
T*
(Shepard from psychology, Julian Davidson from physiology, and Vincent Za\
rcone Jr. and William )Tj
T*
(Dement from psychiatry. Since Lynn Nagel was not a member of the Stanfor\
d faculty, our relationship )Tj
T*
(was entirely unofficial. However, Lynn was my )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(de facto )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(principal advisor and collaborator on my )Tj
T*
(dissertation research. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Lynn and I didn't waste any time getting me into the sleep lab. On my fi\
rst night we had, unfortunately, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(decided to see if it would be helpful to awaken me at the beginning of e\
ach REM period in order to )Tj
T*
(remind me to dream lucidly when I went back to sleep. It is clear in hin\
dsight that this was )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(not )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(a good )Tj
T*
(idea, since the result was very little REM sleep. It was not very helpfu\
l being reminded to dream lucidly )Tj
T*
(when doing so prevented me from dreaming at all! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Worse than that was what happened in my first dream. The Stanford sleep \
lab has its windows boarded )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(up to allow for time-isolation studies. I felt a little claustrophobic b\
ecause of this, and apparently, by )Tj
T*
(way of compensation, had the following dream. It seemed as if I had awok\
en at dawn and was )Tj
T*
(witnessing an exquisitely beautiful sunrise through the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(picture window )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(next to my bed. But before I had )Tj
T*
(time to be more than startled by this anomaly, I was awakened by Lynn's \
voice reminding me to have a )Tj
T*
(lucid dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(We decided that next time we would let me have more of a chance\227both \
to sleep and to have lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreams. We scheduled our next recording night for a month later\227the n\
ext available opening\227which )Tj
T*
(happened to be Friday the 13th of January, 1978. Every time I had a luci\
d dream \(at home\) while )Tj
ET
EMC
/Artifact <>BDC
Q
BT
/T1_0 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
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14 0 0 14 10 753.97552 Tm
(waiting for the fateful date, I would suggest to myself that I would do \
it again in the lab. Finally the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(night arrived, and Lynn hooked me up and watched the polygraph recording\
while I slept. I had been )Tj
T*
(hoping that Friday the 13th would prove to be my lucky night, and that t\
urned out to be the case. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(I slept very well indeed, and after seven and a half hours in bed had my\
first lucid dream in the lab. A )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(moment before, I had been dreaming\227but then I suddenly realized that \
I must be asleep because I )Tj
T*
(couldn't see, feel, or hear anything. I recalled with delight that I was\
sleeping in the laboratory. The )Tj
T*
(image of what seemed to be the instruction booklet for a vacuum cleaner \
or some such appliance floated )Tj
T*
(by. It struck me as mere flotsam on the stream of consciousness, but as \
I focused on it and tried to read )Tj
T*
(the writing, the image gradually stabilized and I had the sensation of o\
pening my \(dream\) eyes. Then my )Tj
T*
(hands appeared, with the rest of my dream body, and I was looking at the\
booklet in bed. My dream )Tj
T*
(room was a reasonably good copy of the room in which I was actually asle\
ep. Since I now had a dream )Tj
T*
(body I decided to do the eye movements that we had agreed upon as a sign\
al. I moved my finger in a )Tj
T*
(vertical line in front of me, following it with my eyes. But I had becom\
e very excited over being able to )Tj
T*
(do this at last, and the thought disrupted my dream so that it faded a f\
ew seconds later. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Afterward, we observed two large eye movements on the polygraph record j\
ust before I awakened from )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(a thirteen-minute REM period. Here, finally, was objective evidence that\
at least one lucid dream had )Tj
T*
(taken place during what was clearly REM sleep! I sent a note to the 1979\
meeting of the APSS in Tokyo )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(mentioning this and other evidence suggesting that lucid dreams are asso\
ciated with REM sleep.)Tj
ET
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( Of )Tj
-39.26529 -1.2 Td
(course, I did not expect anyone to be convinced of the reality of lucid \
dreaming by this brief summary. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(But I wanted to share our results with other dream researchers as quickl\
y as possible. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Our early success was not easy to repeat. The next six nights I spent in\
the sleep lab yielded no lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreams. I had not yet developed MILD \(Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dream\
s\), the method that )Tj
T*
(allowed me to induce lucid dreams on command, which I describe in Chapte\
r 6. After I had become )Tj
T*
(proficient at MILD we tried again, and in September of 1979 I had two mo\
re lucid dreams at the )Tj
T*
(Stanford sleep lab. I was still having many more lucid dreams at home th\
an at the lab, which was )Tj
T*
(probably due to the fact that I was more relaxed about it at home. So we\
arranged to install a polygraph )Tj
T*
(at my home for six weeks. During this Christmas vacation, I successfully\
captured another dozen lucid )Tj
T*
(dreams, and again, my eye movement signals showed them all to have taken\
place during REM sleep. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(By 1980, word was getting around about our interest in lucid dreaming, a\
nd several other lucid dreamers )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(volunteered to try signaling lucid dreams in the lab. Roy Smith, a resid\
ent in psychiatry, was the first to )Tj
T*
(succeed; his lucid dreams also took place in REM sleep. Two women, Bever\
ly Kedzierski, a computer )Tj
T*
(scientist, and Laurie Cook, a dancer, completed our initial group of luc\
id-dream subjects. We referred to )Tj
T*
(ourselves as )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(oneironauts, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(pronounced "oh-nigh-ro-knots"\), a word I coined from the Greek roots,\
)Tj
T*
(meaning explorers of the inner world of dreams. The results of these fir\
st experiments formed the major )Tj
T*
(part of my Ph.D. dissertation, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Lucid Dreaming: An Exploratory Study of Consciousness during Sleep.)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
( )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Let us return now to the APSS and the story of my efforts to publish thi\
s new method of communication )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(from the dream state and proof that lucid dreaming can occur during uneq\
uivocal sleep. )Tj
ET
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(It was too late for Lynn Nagel and me to present our results to the 1980\
APSS meeting. Instead, we )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(submitted a brief report of our preliminary findings for publication in \
the journal )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Science )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(in March 1980, )Tj
T*
(entitled "Lucid dreaming verified by volitional communication during REM\
sleep." We were excited )Tj
T*
(about our discoveries and eagerly awaited the response. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Two months later we received a reply from )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Science. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(The editors of scientific journals base their )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(decisions largely upon the opinions of anonymous reviewers, specialists \
in the relevant area. One of our )Tj
T*
(two reviewers had written, "This is an excellent report, giving a new di\
scovery validating lucid )Tj
T*
(dreaming under laboratory conditions. The implications of lucid dreaming\
are interesting and important, )Tj
T*
(and a major new field of research could flow from this discovery. The re\
port is very clearly and )Tj
T*
(concisely written, and I give it my highest recommendation for publicati\
on." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The second reviewer's response was, however, a polar opposite. Viewing o\
ur paper in the light of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Rechtschaffen's work, this reviewer found it impossibly "...difficult to\
imagine subjects simultaneously )Tj
T*
(both dreaming their dreams and signaling them to others," as was said of\
another study. It seemed he )Tj
T*
(was basically unable to accept, on what were essentially philosophical g\
rounds, that our results were )Tj
T*
(possible. Consequently he managed to come up with a number of "interpret\
ive problems"\227all possible )Tj
T*
(explanations of how we might have arrived at our obviously mistaken conc\
lusions. Naturally, he did not )Tj
T*
(recommend publication, and the editor deferred to his judgement. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In September, we submitted a revision of our paper to )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Science, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(having extended our original study with )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(twice as many lucid dreamers and observations and having clarified the p\
oints the second reviewer had )Tj
T*
(found problematic. But the paper was rejected again, on the basis of wha\
t were once more inherently )Tj
T*
(philosophical objections. The problem seemed to be that our reviewers\227\
presumably members of the )Tj
T*
(APSS\227simply did not believe lucid dreaming was really possible. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Hoping for a fresh consideration, we sent the paper to )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Nature, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(the British equivalent of )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Science. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 -1.2 TD
(However, it was returned unreviewed. According to the editors of )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Nature, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(the topic of lucid dreaming )Tj
T*
(was "not of sufficient general interest" to merit consideration! To make\
a long story short, after six )Tj
T*
(months we finally did get our paper published in a psychological journal\
, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Perceptual and Motor Skills.)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
( )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(I have emphasized at some length the initial difficulties we encountered\
, in order to bring a certain fact )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(into clear relief: as late as 1980, dream researchers in general, and me\
mbers of the APSS in particular, )Tj
T*
(were nearly unanimous in rejecting lucid dreaming as a )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(bona fide )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(phenomenon of sleep\227REM or )Tj
T*
(otherwise. Lucid dreams were evidently still viewed as aberrant chimeras\
, brief daydreamlike intrusions )Tj
T*
(of wakefulness into disturbed sleep; but not in any case as something sl\
eep researchers need concern )Tj
T*
(themselves with. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In June 1981, the same month our article appeared, I presented four pape\
rs on lucid dreaming to the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(twenty-first annual APSS meeting in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. Happily\
, by now, our data were )Tj
T*
(strong enough to convince even the most skeptical that lucid dreaming wa\
s a )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(bona fide )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(phenomenon of )Tj
T*
(unambiguous REM sleep. For lucid dreaming, the weight of the evidence wa\
s finally in proportion to the )Tj
ET
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(strangeness of the fact. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(After all the resistance we had encountered, I was at first surprised an\
d then gratified to observe the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(positive response my presentations received. Several scientists told me \
in private that before seeing our )Tj
T*
(data they had believed lucid dreaming impossible, but were now compelled\
to change their minds. )Tj
T*
(Among these were some who had previously expressed their disbelief in pr\
int; I was greatly encouraged )Tj
T*
(to see these signs of sincerity and openness to new ideas, and gained a \
lasting respect for these scientists. )Tj
T*
(Such openness is regrettably not always the rule in science\227no more, \
for that matter, than it is in any )Tj
T*
(other area of human endeavor. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(But this does illustrate something about how science works, when it work\
s properly. "Science" is really )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(a community of scientists who adhere to a common set of standards of ver\
ification. As such, science )Tj
T*
(tends to be conservative\227to resist the new perhaps too zealously, and\
hold perhaps too tenaciously to )Tj
T*
(the accepted. The philosopher Thomas Kuhn has suggested that new theorie\
s in science do not replace )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(old ones until the supporters of the old die off! I had feared this migh\
t be the case with the APSS and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lucid dreaming, and was pleasantly surprised to find myself mistaken. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Lucid dreaming, once associated in the minds of many scientists with the\
occult and parapsychology, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(had become an accepted part of mainstream science and as such, a legitim\
ate topic for research. This )Tj
T*
(was an important step toward broader exploration and the development of \
a science of lucid dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Robert K. Merton of Columbia University, one of the foremost theorists o\
f science, has shown that )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(almost all major scientific ideas are arrived at more than once, and fre\
quently nearly simultaneously, by )Tj
T*
(researchers working "independently." This is because all scientists work\
ing in a field draw upon the )Tj
T*
(same set of previously established findings and stand, in Newton's phras\
e, on the shoulders of the same )Tj
T*
(giants. Since they are reasoning, as it were, from the same premises, it\
is to be expected that they are )Tj
T*
(likely to arrive at the same conclusions. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Probably the most famous example of independent discovery in science occ\
urred in 1858, when, after )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(twenty years of work, Charles Darwin was finally preparing for publicati\
on his epochal book on the )Tj
T*
(theory of evolution, the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Origin of Species. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Imagine Darwin's astonishment when he received a letter )Tj
T*
(from a virtually unknown biologist named Alfred Russell Wallace. While r\
ecovering from malaria in )Tj
T*
(Malaya, Wallace had independently worked out the theory of natural selec\
tion in a form almost identical )Tj
T*
(to Darwin's, as proven by a manuscript enclosed with the letter. So Darw\
in was not the first to develop a )Tj
T*
(theory of evolution based on natural selection; Wallace had undeniable p\
riority. However, priority is not )Tj
T*
(always the most important issue; Darwin's work had the meticulous detail\
necessary to convince the )Tj
T*
(scientific community. As Wallace himself stated with astuteness no less \
than generosity, in a subsequent )Tj
T*
(letter to Darwin, "... my paper would never have convinced anybody or be\
en noticed as more than an )Tj
T*
(ingenious speculation, whereas your book has revolutionalized the study \
of Natural History, and carried )Tj
T*
(away the best men of the present age." Wallace was not merely being mode\
st. History shows that his )Tj
T*
(work played no significant part in the scientific acceptance of the theo\
ry of evolution, and it is to )Tj
T*
(Darwin's work alone that we owe this revolution in our thinking. )Tj
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(I have dwelt on this example at some length, because I believe it bears \
a definite resemblance to the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(circumstances surrounding the acceptance of lucid dreaming over a centur\
y later. History does indeed )Tj
T*
(repeat itself, sometimes on a greater scale and sometimes on a lesser. I\
n this case, we are clearly dealing )Tj
T*
(with the lesser scale, but bearing in mind Darwin and Wallace should hel\
p to put the events into )Tj
T*
(perspective. When, in the fall of 1980, an article entitled "Insight int\
o Lucid Dreams" was called to my )Tj
T*
(attention, I was as astonished as Darwin must have been when he first re\
ad of Wallace's work. The )Tj
T*
(article, published in )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Nursing Mirror, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(a little-known British magazine, described work that was )Tj
T*
(remarkably similar to my own. The author, Keith Hearne, a talented Briti\
sh parapsychologist, outlined a )Tj
T*
(brief account of his Ph.D. dissertation study carried out at Hull and Li\
verpool universities with the help )Tj
T*
(of a proficient lucid dreamer. I later learned that Hearne's subject had\
been Alan Worsley, an extremely )Tj
T*
(dedicated explorer of lucid dreams. Over the course of a year, Worsley h\
ad spent forty-five nights in a )Tj
T*
(sleep lab while Hearne monitored him. During these nights, Worsley had e\
ight lucid dreams, in each of )Tj
T*
(which he marked the EOG with eye-movement signals whenever he realized h\
e was dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(At first the similarity between our work at Stanford and theirs at Liver\
pool seemed uncanny. Upon )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(reflection, however, I realized that the idea of validating lucid dreams\
by eye movement signaling would )Tj
T*
(be relatively obvious to anyone familiar with recent psychophysiological\
dream research and the )Tj
T*
(possibilities of lucid dreaming. Viewed in this light, independent disco\
very no longer appeared uncanny )Tj
T*
(or even unexpected. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The only odd thing about it was that Hearne finished his dissertation fu\
lly two years before I did. Yet, in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(spite of having made the most extensive review of the literature on luci\
d dreaming available in English, I )Tj
T*
(had heard not so much as a rumor of Hearne and Worsley until after I com\
pleted my dissertation in )Tj
T*
(1980. One might have thought that Hearne would have been eager to share \
his findings with the )Tj
T*
(scientific community. But evidently not. I understand from Worsley that \
Hearne "wanted to make a few )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(discoveries first," before publishing.)Tj
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( In any case, it appears that as late as 1980 he was swearing to )Tj
-15.25929 -1.2 Td
(secrecy those few professionals who knew about his work. But whatever th\
e explanation, six years after )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(completing his dissertation, Hearne still has not published an account o\
f his original study in any peer-)Tj
T*
(reviewed scientific journal. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(As a result of Hearne's reticence, or maybe just by accident, we at Stan\
ford knew nothing of the English )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(work until late 1980. By then, our own more extensive studies had gone c\
onsiderably beyond Hearne's )Tj
T*
(earlier dissertation work, and consequently his pioneering research only\
confirmed what we already )Tj
T*
(knew. Had the results of the Liverpool experiments been available to us \
several years earlier, we could )Tj
T*
(have built on what would have been Hearne's tremendous contribution to t\
he field. But that isn't what )Tj
T*
(happened. As a result, Hearne's pioneering study appears to have played \
a relatively minor role in the )Tj
T*
(scientific acceptance of lucid dreaming. Having said that, I want to add\
that there seems little doubt that )Tj
T*
(Keith Hearne is an innovative and energetic investigator from whom we ma\
y hope for new )Tj
T*
(developments in the years to come. As for Alan Worsley, he has gone on t\
o collaborate with other )Tj
T*
(research groups in England, carrying out some intriguing experiments bot\
h in the laboratory and at )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(home.)Tj
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( Whatever else he may do, however, Worsley deserves the credit for being\
the first person, as far )Tj
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(as I know, to successfully send a deliberate message from the dream worl\
d. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(We have followed the story of lucid dreaming in the laboratory up to the\
point of its acceptance by the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(scientific world at the beginning of this decade. Since then, there has \
been a veritable explosion of )Tj
T*
(public and scientific interest in lucid dreams. Dozens of papers on the \
topic have been published in the )Tj
T*
(past few years, and the number of researchers in the area has been rapid\
ly accelerating. All of this )Tj
T*
(contributes to the impression of a highly exciting field of exploration \
that is unfolding )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(now: )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(the new )Tj
T*
(world of lucid dreaming. )Tj
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(4 )Tj
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(Exploring the Dream World: Lucid Dreamers in the Laboratory)Tj
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(Mapping Out the Dream World )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
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(The relationship between the dream world and the physical world has had \
a fascination for humanity )Tj
T*
(that probably predates recorded history by many thousands of years. But \
like such questions as "Why is )Tj
T*
(the sky blue?" or "What is on the other side of the moon?" the solution \
to the dream reality problem had )Tj
T*
(to await the technological developments of the very recent past. Some pr\
ogress had been achieved by the )Tj
T*
(psychophysiological approach to dream research, but as long as the subje\
cts were non-lucid dreamers, )Tj
T*
(this method continued to have significant limitations. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(If researchers were interested, for example, in whether reported changes\
in the direction of a dreamer's )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(gaze were accompanied by corresponding physical movements of the eyes, t\
hey would have to approach )Tj
T*
(the problem something like this: First, they would arrange to measure th\
e dreamer's eye movements, )Tj
T*
(easy enough with an EOG. Next they would have to observe the dreamer's e\
ye movements during REM )Tj
T*
(periods, waiting\227and here is the problem\227until by chance the dream\
er made a sufficiently distinct and )Tj
T*
(regular sequence of eye movements. Only very rarely would there be an un\
usual pattern that could be )Tj
T*
(definitely linked to dream eye movements the subject could identify, as \
in the Ping-Pong dream of )Tj
T*
(Chapter 3. In the thousands of sleep and dream studies conducted over th\
e past several decades, )Tj
T*
(instances as striking as this can be counted on one hand. In any case, i\
f an experimenter were to design a )Tj
T*
(study looking for this sort of event, it would take a great deal of wait\
ing before the subject\227by chance\227)Tj
T*
(did what the experimenter wanted. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Let us take another example that shows this approach is limited by more \
than just the experimenter's )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(patience. Suppose our researcher were interested in whether or not the d\
reamer's brain shows shifts in )Tj
T*
(activity \(as measured by EEG\) dependent upon particular mental tasks, \
such as singing or counting. In )Tj
T*
(the waking state, singing activates the right cerebral hemisphere of mos\
t right-handers, while counting )Tj
T*
(activates the left. Could our researcher ever reasonably expect to find \
a case in which the non-lucid )Tj
ET
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(dreamer "just happened" to sing and count in the same dream? How could a\
nyone know exactly when )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the dreamer was doing what? )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The main problem with this version of the psychophysiological approach t\
o dream research is that as )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(long as dreamers are non-lucid, the researcher simply has no way of bein\
g sure they will dream what the )Tj
T*
(researcher needs them to for the particular experiment. This is really l\
ittle better than a shot-in-the-dark )Tj
T*
(approach, and dream researchers have quite understandably been showing l\
ess and less interest in it as )Tj
T*
(the years, and miles of polygraph paper, have rolled by with few results\
to show for it. As a result of )Tj
T*
(these difficulties, some dream scientists have even been calling for the\
complete abandonment of the )Tj
T*
(psychophysiological approach in favor of purely psychological studies. D\
avid Foulkes, an influential )Tj
T*
(dream researcher, has written that "... psychophysiological correlation \
research now appears to offer )Tj
T*
(such a low rate of return for effort expended as not to be a wise place \
for dream psychology to continue )Tj
T*
(to commit much of its limited resources." This assessment seems justifie\
d as long as it refers only to the )Tj
T*
(traditional practice of psychophysiological research, using non-lucid su\
bjects. The use of lucid dreamers, )Tj
T*
(however, solves the basic deficiencies of the old approach and allows th\
e researcher to complete his )Tj
T*
(designed experiments successfully. It well may be the answer to revitali\
zing the psychophysiological )Tj
T*
(method. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The fact that lucid dreamers know they are asleep, can remember to perfo\
rm previously agreed-upon )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(actions, and can signal to the waking world, makes possible an entirely \
new approach to dream research. )Tj
T*
(These specially trained oneironauts can carry out all kinds of experimen\
tal tasks, functioning both as )Tj
T*
(subjects and experimenters in the dream state. For the first time, sleep\
ers can signal the exact time of )Tj
T*
(particular dream events, thus allowing for the convenient testing of oth\
erwise untestable hypotheses. A )Tj
T*
(researcher can ask a subject to perform any chosen action within the dre\
am, and the lucid dreamer can )Tj
T*
(carry these directions out. This signaling also allows a clear mapping o\
f mind/body relationships. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Our studies at Stanford cover considerable ground, showing the relations\
hip between physiological )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(changes in lucid dreamers' bodies and a variety of actions carried out b\
y their "dream" bodies within the )Tj
T*
(dreams. Our investigations addressed a range of relationships: between e\
stimated dream time and actual )Tj
T*
(time; between dream action, including eye movements, speech, and breathi\
ng, and corresponding )Tj
T*
(muscle action; between dreamed singing and counting, and relative activa\
tion of the left and right )Tj
T*
(cerebral hemispheres of the brain; and between dreamed sexual activity a\
nd changes in a variety of )Tj
T*
(genital and nongenital physiological measures. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
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(Dream Time )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 135.59094 Tm
(How fast can we dream a dream and how long do dreams take? These are que\
stions that have intrigued )Tj
T*
(humanity for centuries. The traditional answer has been that dreams take\
very little or no time at all. )Tj
T*
(There is, for example, the story of Mohammed's Night Journey. The Prophe\
t is said to have overturned a )Tj
T*
(pitcher of water just before leaving \(via flying horse\) on a tour of t\
he seven heavens, in the course of )Tj
T*
(which he met and conversed with the seven prophets, numerous angels, and\
God himself. Having taken )Tj
T*
(in all the sights of paradise, the Prophet returned to his bed to find t\
hat the water had not yet run out of )Tj
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(the pitcher he had overturned. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Likewise, the nineteenth-century pioneer of dream research, Alfred Maury\
, recalled late in his life a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dream he had had many years earlier, in which he somehow had gotten mixe\
d up with the French )Tj
T*
(Revolution. After witnessing a number of scenes of murder, he was himsel\
f brought before the )Tj
T*
(revolutionary tribunal. After a long trial in which he saw Robespierre, \
Marat, and other heroes of the )Tj
T*
(revolution, he was sentenced to death and led to the place of execution \
in the midst of the usual jeering )Tj
T*
(mob. Waiting his turn among the condemned, he watched the quick and gris\
ly work of the guillotine. )Tj
T*
(Then his turn came and he mounted the scaffold. The executioner tied him\
to the board and tipped it into )Tj
T*
(place. The blade fell ... and at this critical point, Maury awoke in ter\
ror, only to find his head still )Tj
T*
(attached to his body. He realized almost at once what had happened: the \
headboard had fallen on his )Tj
T*
(neck. He concluded that his lengthy dream must have been initiated by th\
e impact of the headboard on )Tj
T*
(his neck, and that the entire dream must have taken place in the briefes\
t instant! \(If you suppose that )Tj
T*
(these are only the beliefs of centuries gone by, note that as recently a\
s 1981 a well-respected dream )Tj
T*
(researcher published a paper supporting the view that dreams take place \
during the brief time of )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(awakening.)Tj
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(\) )Tj
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(While dreams undoubtedly do occasionally occur in this fashion, evidence\
suggests that dreams )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(normally take the same amount of time the actions would take in real lif\
e. In one study, Dement and )Tj
T*
(Kleitman awakened five subjects at either five or fifteen minutes after \
the beginning of their REM )Tj
T*
(periods, and asked them to decide which amount of time had elapsed. Four\
of the five subjects were )Tj
T*
(consistently able to choose the correct time. The same study showed that\
dreams reported after fifteen )Tj
T*
(minutes of REM sleep were longer than those following five minutes of RE\
M. Such reports appear to )Tj
T*
(contradict the notion of instantaneous dreaming. However, they do not pr\
ove that dream time is the same )Tj
T*
(as "real time," but only indicate that they are generally proportional t\
o one another. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(However, subjective dream duration can be directly and easily measured b\
y using lucid dreamers. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Oneironauts are instructed to signal when they become lucid in their dre\
am, and then to estimate an )Tj
T*
(interval of, say, ten seconds by counting to ten in the dream. The lucid\
dreamer signals again to mark the )Tj
T*
(end of the interval, which can then be directly measured on the polygrap\
h record. )Tj
0 -3.05347 TD
(In our experiments,)Tj
ET
119.25601 218.95067 m
124.25601 218.95067 l
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(2)Tj
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( we found that the average length of these estimated ten-second interval\
s was )Tj
-8.16113 -1.2 Td
(thirteen seconds, which was also the average estimation of a ten-second \
interval while subjects were )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(awake. On one occasion, a star subject of ours, Beverly, even performed \
this experiment for a BBC )Tj
T*
(television crew. She described her experience as follows: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(By this point, fairly late in the morning, I was )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(very )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(determined to have the expected lucid )Tj
T*
(dream: I felt especially motivated by all the filming crew being there, \
waiting for me to )Tj
T*
(perform. So, when I found myself at the transition point between being a\
wake and asleep I )Tj
T*
("made" it happen: my dream body began to float up in the air out of bed,\
a bed very much )Tj
T*
(like the one that knew my physical body was sleeping in. I waited until \
I was completely )Tj
T*
(floating to be sure that I was really dreaming. But it seemed that I was\
being held back by )Tj
ET
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(something: my electrodes! However, I reasoned that these were only )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(dream )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(electrodes and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(I wasn't going to let my dream control )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(me! )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(At that point, I merely flew away not really )Tj
T*
(caring about the "electrodes," which I presumed no longer existed. As I \
flew across the )Tj
T*
(room, right through the wall, I signaled "left-right-left-right" to show\
that I was lucid. All )Tj
T*
(of this so far took only a few seconds. I began estimating ten seconds, \
counting "one-)Tj
T*
(thousand and one, one thousand and two ..." as I passed through the wall\
into the lounge )Tj
T*
(area. Everything looked very dark and I felt that I wasn't very deep int\
o my sleep until I )Tj
T*
(saw a weak reflection of my face in a mirror. When I stared at it the ro\
om became very )Tj
T*
(clear and lifelike. Still counting, I decided that I'd like some action \
to report on later, so I )Tj
T*
(grabbed a chair and playfully threw it into the air, watching it tumble \
and float. When I )Tj
T*
(finished counting to ten, I signaled again. Next I was supposed to estim\
ate ten seconds )Tj
T*
(without counting, and this was when I got the idea that it would be inte\
resting to fly to the )Tj
T*
(polygraph room and actually watch a dream dramatization of my own signal\
s being )Tj
T*
(recorded. I needed to get there within ten seconds, so I flew right thro\
ugh the adjoining )Tj
T*
(room, which was filled with boxes and chairs. For some reason, I let mys\
elf get caught up )Tj
T*
(in avoiding stumbling on them, hoping to get to the polygraph before my \
next signal. In )Tj
T*
(the distance, I heard a voice similar to mine doing the counting that I \
wasn't supposed to )Tj
T*
(be doing! That puzzled me a little, but I found it intriguing. Just in t\
ime, I arrived at the )Tj
T*
(polygraph machine where several people were crowded around watching. I a\
nnounced, )Tj
T*
("Hey, everyone, I'm doing it )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(live!" )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(as I signaled for the third time, seeing the polygraph )Tj
T*
(pens flashing about wildly in my dream. )Tj
-2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(As these experiments indicate, estimated time in dreams seems very nearl\
y equal to clock time\227at least )Tj
T*
(for lucid dreams. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(I am sure many readers will object, saying something like "But I've had \
dreams in which I spent what )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(seemed like years or lifetimes." So have we all, but I believe this seem\
ing passage of time is )Tj
T*
(accomplished in dreams the same way it is in the movies or the theater. \
If we see someone in a movie )Tj
T*
(turning out the light at midnight, and a few moments later see her turni\
ng off an alarm shortly after )Tj
T*
(dawn, we accept that seven or eight hours have passed even though we "kn\
ow" it has only been a few )Tj
T*
(seconds. I think the same kind of mechanism operates in dreams to produc\
e the sensation of extended )Tj
T*
(passages of time. I have no argument with this sense in which dream time\
may not equal clock time. )Tj
T*
(Nevertheless, the evidence of our lucid dream experiments with time sugg\
ests that it takes just as long to )Tj
T*
(dream you are doing something as it does to actually do it. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This result ought not to surprise anyone. There are, after all, definite\
psychophysiological limitations to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(how fast our brains can process information. If I were to ask you if a c\
anary can sing, it would take you )Tj
T*
(over a second to reply; and if I were to ask you whether a canary can fl\
y, it would even take you a little )Tj
T*
(longer. Why can't we answer such obvious questions instantly? Because ou\
r brains need time to search )Tj
T*
(through our billions of memories to determine whether or not the answer \
is in fact "obvious." This is )Tj
T*
(why we cannot do things instantaneously in our dreams: our brains need t\
ime to dream them. )Tj
ET
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16.15384 0 0 16.15384 268.30499 751.8457 Tm
(Breathing )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 715.59094 Tm
(We undertook an experiment to determine the extent to which lucid dreame\
rs' patterns of breathing were )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(paralleled by changes in their actual patterns of respiration.)Tj
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( The dream body obviously has no need to )Tj
-24.04614 -1.2 Td
(breathe. It is, after all, only a mental representation of the dreamer's\
physical body. And in waking life, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(although we breathe every second, we are for the most part unconscious o\
f it. Normally we only become )Tj
T*
(conscious of the process when something draws our attention to it\227if \
we are not getting enough air, or )Tj
T*
(if we wish to hold our breath for some reason. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Because we are seldom aware of our breathing while awake, we are seldom \
aware of it while dreaming. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(I first became aware of and interested in this problem at the age of fiv\
e. At the time I was in the habit of )Tj
T*
(dreaming a sort of serial dream on successive nights. In the dream seria\
l, I was an undersea pirate, and )Tj
T*
(on at least one occasion I worried for a moment about having been underw\
ater for a )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(very )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(long time\227)Tj
T*
(much longer than I could hold my breath. But then I remembered with grea\
t relief that in "these dreams" )Tj
T*
(I could breathe underwater. Or was it that I didn't need to breathe in d\
reams? I wasn't sure and wondered )Tj
T*
(no more until almost thirty years later. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(We were interested in the question of whether or not subjects holding th\
eir breath in dreams physically )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(do so. Using the old methodolology of dream research, this would be a ve\
ry difficult question to )Tj
T*
(approach. But through the use of lucid dreaming, it was easy to answer. \
Three of our oneironauts agreed )Tj
T*
(to join me in attempting to carry out \(with our dream bodies\) a previo\
usly agreed-upon pattern of )Tj
T*
(breathing whenever we realized we were dreaming. We were to mark with an\
eye-movement signal the )Tj
T*
(beginning and end of a five-second interval in which we would either bre\
athe rapidly or hold our breath. )Tj
T*
(The four of us spent two to three nights in the sleep lab while our resp\
iration was monitored, along with )Tj
T*
(the usual physiological measures used for determining sleep stages. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Altogether, the four of us reported having carried out the breathing tas\
k in twelve lucid dreams. The )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(relevant polygraph records were given to an independent researcher to se\
e if it was possible to determine )Tj
T*
(whether particular instances were cases of rapid breathing or of breath-\
holding. The researcher was able )Tj
T*
(to correctly identify every instance. Since the odds of doing this by ch\
ance are only 1 in 4096, we were )Tj
T*
(able to conclude confidently that voluntary control of the mental image \
of respiration during lucid )Tj
T*
(dreaming is reflected in corresponding changes in actual respiration. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This doesn't mean that every variation in breathing during REM sleep is \
related to dream content. For )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(instance, a respiratory pause on a polysomnogram wouldn't necessarily im\
ply that the dreamer was )Tj
T*
(holding his dream breath. But if the dreamer )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(was, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(we would expect to see a pause in breathing on the )Tj
T*
(record. Many factors, on a variety of levels of psychophysiological orga\
nization, contribute to the )Tj
T*
(pattern of breathing when we are awake, and the same holds true when we \
are asleep. Some of these )Tj
T*
(respiratory influences are physiological, some psychological; together t\
hey form the consciously )Tj
T*
(experienced content of the dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(All that we have demonstrated in our research is that respiratory conten\
t in a dreamer's consciousness )Tj
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(appears to affect the sleeper's actual pattern of breathing. The results\
are not surprising when viewed in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the proper light. The same relationship would probably hold true for wal\
king, talking, or any other form )Tj
T*
(of behavior, except for the fact that most of our muscles are paralyzed \
during REM sleep. The brain-)Tj
T*
(stem system that accomplishes the general suppression of muscle tone dur\
ing REM dreaming saves us )Tj
T*
(from running around with our eyes closed in the middle of the night\227a\
practice almost as hazardous )Tj
T*
(now as it was for our ancestors back in the jungle. However, not all mus\
cle groups are equally inhibited )Tj
T*
(during REM sleep. For example, there is no way we can harm ourselves wit\
h eye movements; )Tj
T*
(consequently the extraocular muscles are not inhibited at all during REM\
. Quite the contrary: they give )Tj
T*
(the active state of sleep its common name. Another set of muscles is exe\
mpted from the general )Tj
T*
(paralysis of REM sleep, but for a different reason: the respiratory musc\
les, and they are not inhibited for )Tj
T*
(obvious reasons. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 222.08885 548.04572 Tm
(Singing and Counting )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 511.79092 Tm
(The brain is divided into two cerebral hemispheres, and for most people \
the left hemisphere shows )Tj
T*
(increased activity during language use and analytical thinking, while th\
e right shows increased activity )Tj
T*
(during spatial tasks and holistic thinking. Though the degree of lateral\
specialization of the brain has )Tj
T*
(been exaggerated in the popular press, numerous scientific studies have \
demonstrated reliable )Tj
T*
(differences in brain-wave activity between the left and right hemisphere\
s and these differences depend )Tj
T*
(precisely upon which mental activities the subject is engaged in at the \
moment. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(All of these studies were, of course, done while the subjects were awake\
. A question that has intrigued )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dream researchers is, would similar relationships hold during REM dreami\
ng? Here again was a )Tj
T*
(question that only lucid dreamers could answer. We decided to compare dr\
eamed counting and dreamed )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(singing\227activities that are supposed to engage the left and right hem\
ispheres respectively.)Tj
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( Why these )Tj
-36.68513 -1.2 Td
(particular tasks? The choice was a practical one. Unlike many other poss\
ible tasks, counting and singing )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(required nothing more than a dream body with a functioning dream tongue\227\
standard issue for an )Tj
T*
(oneironaut! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(I was the first to attempt the experiment. Early in the night I spent at\
the lab, I awoke from a dream and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(practiced my memory method for inducing lucid dreams \(MILD\) before ret\
urning to sleep. Not long )Tj
T*
(afterward, I awoke from another non-lucid dream and again tried MILD\227\
with the same disappointing )Tj
T*
(result. My third effort seemed to have failed as well. I was lying in be\
d awake for the fourth time that )Tj
T*
(night, worrying and wondering what was wrong with me\227was I losing my \
touch after all these years? )Tj
T*
(Then, suddenly, I found myself flying high above a field. I realized at \
once\227with great excitement\227)Tj
T*
(that )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(this )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(was the lucid dream I had been seeking! I made an eye-movement signal an\
d began to sing: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(Row, row, row your boat)Tj
T*
(Gently down the stream.)Tj
T*
(Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily,)Tj
T*
(Life is but a dream. )Tj
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14 0 0 14 10 753.97552 Tm
(Still flying high over the meadow, I made a second eye-movement signal a\
nd began to count slowly to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(ten. Upon finishing, I made a third eye-movement signal marking the comp\
letion of this experimental )Tj
T*
(task. I was overjoyed at my success and turned a virtual cartwheel in mi\
dair. After a few seconds, the )Tj
T*
(dream faded. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(We had recorded brain waves from my left and right cerebral hemispheres \
so that the amounts of alpha )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(activity during the two tasks could be calculated by a computer. Rhythmi\
c alpha waves are generally )Tj
T*
(interpreted as the indication of a resting or inactive brain. So, if dur\
ing the performance of a given task )Tj
T*
(one of the hemispheres is doing most of the work, the other hemisphere\227\
the less active one\227will show )Tj
T*
(more alpha activity. Since the right hemisphere is involved during the s\
inging and the left hemisphere )Tj
T*
(during the counting, we expected to find more alpha in my left hemispher\
e during singing. And this is )Tj
T*
(exactly what we found. Repetition of this experiment with two other subj\
ects yielded consistent results: )Tj
T*
(the brain seemed to show the same patterns of selective activation durin\
g singing and counting during )Tj
T*
(REM sleep as it did during wakefulness. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 248.54076 495.44574 Tm
(Sexual Activity )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 459.19092 Tm
(Sexual activity seems to form a prominent part of the lucid dreams of ma\
ny individuals, especially )Tj
T*
(women. Patricia Garfield reported that two-thirds of her lucid dreams ha\
ve sexual content and about half )Tj
T*
(of these dreams culminate in orgasm. In )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(Pathway to Ecstasy, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Garfield describes her lucid dream orgasms )Tj
T*
(as being of "profound" intensity. "With a totality of self that is only \
sometimes felt in the waking state," )Tj
T*
(she found herself "bursting into soul- and body-shaking explosions." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(These are incredibly impressive experiences, to say the least. However, \
the lucid dream reports of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(several of our female oneironauts contained similar accounts. I was intr\
igued by the possibility of an )Tj
T*
(experiment to determine whether or not sexual activity in lucid dreams i\
s accompanied by physiological )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(changes similar to those that take place during waking sexual activities\
.)Tj
ET
0 0 1 RG
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( )Tj
-28.99214 -2.55714 Td
(Walter Greenleaf, a Stanford graduate student engaged in psychophysiolog\
ical research on human )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(sexual response, collaborated with me on several experiments. We decided\
to work with women at first, )Tj
T*
(since they reported orgasm in lucid dreams much more frequently than men\
. I asked several of our )Tj
T*
(female oneironauts if they would be willing to try, and "Miranda" was th\
e first to succeed. She spent a )Tj
T*
(night sleeping in our laboratory while we recorded sixteen channels of p\
hysiological data, including the )Tj
T*
(usual EEG, EOG, and EMG, as well as respiration rate, heart rate, vagina\
l EMG, and vaginal pulse )Tj
T*
(amplitude. These last two measures were obtained from a comfortable vagi\
nal probe \(inserted in )Tj
T*
(privacy\) that was worn while sleeping. The probe registered vaginal mus\
cle activity by means of two )Tj
T*
(electrodes on its surface. Pulse amplitude, a measure of blood flow to t\
he vaginal walls, was obtained by )Tj
T*
(means of an infrared light source and photocell detector embedded in the\
surface of the probe. Light )Tj
T*
(emitted from the probe is reflected back to the photocell to an extent t\
hat varies with changes in the )Tj
T*
(amount of blood flowing to the vaginal walls. Experiments in the waking \
state had clearly demonstrated )Tj
T*
(that when women become sexually aroused, their vaginal pulse amplitude s\
hows a significant increase. )Tj
T*
(Thus we anticipated finding similar increases coupled with sexual activi\
ty during lucid dreams. )Tj
ET
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(We asked Miranda to signal four times in her lucid dream, using standard\
eye-movement signals. The )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(first signal was to be at the moment she realized that she was dreaming;\
the second when she began )Tj
T*
(sexual activity in her dream; the third when she experienced orgasm; and\
the fourth only when she felt )Tj
T*
(herself to have awakened. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(At about five minutes into her fifth REM period of the night, Miranda ha\
d a three-minute lucid dream in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(which she successfully carried out the experimental task\227exactly as a\
greed upon. In her report, she said )Tj
T*
(that she seemed to be lying in bed still awake, with someone's hands rub\
bing her neck. Recognizing the )Tj
T*
(improbability of someone being in her room, she suspected she was dreami\
ng, and tested her state by )Tj
T*
(flying to float into the air. As soon as she found herself floating, she\
was convinced she was dreaming )Tj
T*
(and made the agreed-upon signal as she floated through her bedroom wall.\
Finding no one in the )Tj
T*
(polygraph room, she proceeded through an unopened window outside. Contin\
uing to fly, she found )Tj
T*
(herself over a campus resembling both Oxford and Stanford. She flew thro\
ugh the cool evening air, free )Tj
T*
(as a cloud, stopping now and then to admire the beautiful stone carvings\
on the walls. After a few )Tj
T*
(minutes, however, she decided it was time to begin the experiment. Flyin\
g through an archway, she )Tj
T*
(spotted a group of people\227apparently visitors touring the campus. Swo\
oping down to the group, she )Tj
T*
(picked the first man within reach. She tapped him on the shoulder, and h\
e came toward her as if )Tj
T*
(knowing exactly what he was expected to do. At this she signaled again, \
marking the beginning of )Tj
T*
(sexual activity. She says that she must have already been excited from t\
he flying, because after only )Tj
T*
(fifteen seconds she felt as if she were about to climax. She signaled a \
third time, marking her experience )Tj
T*
(of orgasm as the final waves began to die down. Shortly after this she l\
et herself wake up, and signaled, )Tj
T*
(according to plan, as soon as she felt herself back in bed. She said the\
dream orgasm had been neither )Tj
T*
(long nor intense, but was quite definitely a real orgasm. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The graph of vaginal blood flow during the several minutes of her lucid \
dream appears to correspond in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(every particular with Miranda's report of her lucid dream. During the po\
rtion of dreamed sexual activity, )Tj
T*
(between her second and third signal, her respiration rate, vaginal muscl\
e activity, and vaginal blood flow )Tj
T*
(all reached their highest levels of the night. However, her heart showed\
only a moderate increase in rate. )Tj
T*
(The increases in respiration rate and vaginal blood flow are fully compa\
rable to those typically observed )Tj
T*
(during waking orgasm\227and the lucid dream orgasm was described as bein\
g "not very strong"! This )Tj
T*
(experiment provided the first objective evidence for the validity of Mir\
anda's reports \(and, by extension, )Tj
T*
(those of others\) of vividly realistic sex in lucid dreams. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Before leaving Miranda's lucid dream, I would like to mention the fact t\
hat at least a part of it would )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(have undoubtedly delighted Freud, had he lived another half-century to h\
ear it. I am speaking of the )Tj
T*
(flying, which seemed to have served as very effective foreplay, consider\
ing the remarkably short )Tj
T*
(interval between the start of sex and orgasmic culmination. What is the \
meaning of flying dreams? )Tj
T*
(Freud's unhesitating answer to this question was that flying in dreams s\
ymbolically expresses nothing )Tj
T*
(other than the desire to engage in sexual activity! For once, this inter\
pretation seems to fit the dream )Tj
T*
(without forcing. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Having recorded an impressive female sexual response, we next wondered w\
hat males might show. )Tj
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(Although males report orgasmic lucid dreams less frequently than females\
do, we decided to try the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(experiment anyway. "Randy," a first-rate oneironaut, volunteered for thi\
s perilous mission. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(While Randy slept, we recorded the same physiological measures as we had\
done in Miranda's )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(experiment, with the exception that we equipped him with a penile strain\
gauge \(a loop of flexible )Tj
T*
(tubing filled with mercury, about an inch in diameter\)\227the device ge\
nerally used for measuring sexual )Tj
T*
(response. Just before going to sleep, Randy put the strain gauge around \
the base of his penis. As the )Tj
T*
(strain gauge expands during erection, its electrical resistance increase\
s, allowing polygraphic monitoring )Tj
T*
(of penile tumescence \(enlargement\). Although REM periods are normally \
associated with spontaneous )Tj
T*
(erections of varying degrees, we hoped to observe a further increase dur\
ing dreamed sexual activity. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Randy agreed to follow the same signaling procedure as Miranda had. Afte\
r a few nights' practice, he )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(succeeded perfectly. Awakening from his fourth REM period of the night, \
he made the following report: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(A bizarre detail made me realize that I was dreaming. I made an eye-move\
ment signal, )Tj
T*
(then proceeded through the roof, flying Superman-style. Having landed in\
the backyard of )Tj
T*
(a house, I wished for a girl. A cute little teenager walked out of the p\
atio door, followed )Tj
T*
(closely by her mother. For some reason, the mother seemed to know me, an\
d with a wink )Tj
T*
(sent her daughter out to play with me. We went in the backyard, and I si\
gnaled the )Tj
T*
(beginning of foreplay. An instant later her blouse was on the ground and\
the nipples of her )Tj
T*
(blossoming breasts stood out. She kneeled on the ground and began to kis\
s me in a most )Tj
T*
(stimulating manner. I felt myself about to climax and closed my eyes in \
ecstasy as I had )Tj
T*
(the orgasm, and again signaled. When I opened my eyes, I seemed to have \
awakened from )Tj
T*
(a wet dream. I was very excited at the accomplishment of my experiment, \
then I realized )Tj
T*
(it was only a false awakening, and at this I actually awoke. Although I \
found I had not )Tj
T*
(actually ejaculated, I still felt the tingling in my spine and I marvele\
d at the reality that the )Tj
T*
(mind could create. )Tj
-2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(As in Miranda's case, Randy's polygraph record revealed a precise corres\
pondence with his lucid dream )Tj
T*
(report. During the thirty seconds of sexual activity marked by his secon\
d and third signals, his )Tj
T*
(respiration rate reached its maximum for the REM periods, exactly as it \
had for Miranda. His penile )Tj
T*
(strain gauge indicated that his erection, after having begun shortly bef\
ore the onset of the REM period, )Tj
T*
(only reached its maximal level between signals two and three. Remarkably\
, a slow detumescence began )Tj
T*
(almost immediately following the dream orgasm. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Randy's heart, like Miranda's, showed only a moderate increase in rate d\
uring the lucid dream orgasm. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(In general terms, these orgasms seemed to trigger very similar physiolog\
ical responses in their sleeping )Tj
T*
(bodies. This was especially true of the dramatic increases in respiratio\
n rate shown by both. An )Tj
T*
(important implication is that in some respects, lucid dream sex has as p\
owerful an impact on the )Tj
T*
(dreamer's body as the real thing. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The extent to which this is true may vary from dreamer to dreamer, and f\
rom one sex to the other. One )Tj
ET
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(significant gender-related difference may be that while Miranda experien\
ced vaginal muscle )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(contractions during lucid dream orgasm, Randy apparently did not experie\
nce corresponding pelvic )Tj
T*
(muscle contractions. Randy's failure to actually ejaculate in his dream,\
in spite of having vividly )Tj
T*
(experienced the sensations of ejaculation, is consistent with my own exp\
erience in this regard. Among )Tj
T*
(the nearly nine hundred lucid dream reports in my personal record are ab\
out a dozen instances in which I )Tj
T*
(dreamed that I reached orgasm. In all of these cases, the sensation of e\
jaculation was convincingly vivid, )Tj
T*
(so much so that these lucid dream orgasms were usually followed by false\
awakenings in which I )Tj
T*
(dreamed that I )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(had )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(in fact had a wet dream. Yet as soon as I awoke in actuality, I always d\
iscovered that )Tj
T*
(I was mistaken. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Insofar as all this proves typical of lucid dream sex, it would seem tha\
t the wet dreams experienced by )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(adolescents and other males lacking regular sexual outlet result from ve\
ry different causes. As it )Tj
T*
(happens, the reports of genuine wet dreams are sometimes completely devo\
id of any sexual or erotic )Tj
T*
(elements whatsoever. Since, at the same time, every dream period is acco\
mpanied by spontaneous )Tj
T*
(erections, wet dreams may result from genital stimulation and reflex eja\
culation. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Although nonerotic wet dreams do occur, they are not the usual case. Why\
, then, do most wet dreams )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(take on the guise of a sexual encounter? I would propose that these expe\
riences result from the dream's )Tj
T*
(incorporation of sensory information coming from the genitals, naturally\
elaborated into a "likely story" )Tj
T*
(explaining the experienced sexual arousal. Following this line of reason\
ing, wet dreams would be the )Tj
T*
(result of actual erotic sensations accurately interpreted by the dreamin\
g brain. In other words, first )Tj
T*
(comes the ejaculation, then comes the wet dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Apparently, the opposite normally holds for lucid dream orgasms. The ero\
tic dream comes first, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(resulting in orgasm "in the brain." However, in this case, the resulting\
impulses descending from the )Tj
T*
(brain to the genitals are evidently too inhibited to trigger the genital\
ejaculatory reflex. So, lucid dreams )Tj
T*
(are only wet in the dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Because our data are derived from only one observation of two subjects, \
caution in interpreting these )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(preliminary results is obviously necessary. However, I am willing to ris\
k the conclusion that sexual )Tj
T*
(activity and the experience of orgasm in lucid dreams appears to be asso\
ciated with physiological )Tj
T*
(changes that are very similar to those occurring during corresponding ac\
tivities in the waking state. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(An important exception to this conclusion is the fact that only very sli\
ght increases in heart rate )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(accompanied the sexual activity in these lucid dreams. During waking sex\
ual activity, heart rate may )Tj
T*
(double or triple. This fact may have a practical benefit. For patients r\
ecovering from heart disease, sex )Tj
T*
(can be a dangerous and sometimes fatal form of exercise. Dream sex, in c\
ontrast, appears to be )Tj
T*
(completely safe for everyone, and for many paralyzed people, it may be t\
he only form of sexual release )Tj
T*
(available. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 258.41885 66.64574 Tm
(Significance )Tj
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(We have seen that dream sex is like "real" sex, dream singing and counti\
ng is like "real" singing and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(counting, and dream time is like "real" time. So what? You may be wonder\
ing what difference this all )Tj
T*
(makes to )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(you. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(These results have implications of considerable importance for every dre\
amer; let me )Tj
T*
(explain how. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In the singing and counting experiment, we asked our subjects to do two \
things as controls. One was to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(actually do the tasks while awake, and the other was merely to imagine d\
oing them. When we looked at )Tj
T*
(imagined singing and counting we found that neither task produced any co\
nsistent shifts in brain )Tj
T*
(activity. But singing and counting in the lucid dream produced large shi\
fts equivalent to those that )Tj
T*
(occurred during the actual performance of the tasks. This suggests that \
lucid dreaming \(and by )Tj
T*
(extension, dreaming in general\) is more like actually doing than like m\
erely imagining. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(According to a theory widely accepted among psychologists and neuroscien\
tists, when a person )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(imagines an object, a pattern of brain activity occurs that is very simi\
lar to that which occurs when he or )Tj
T*
(she actually perceives an object. If this is true, the difference betwee\
n imagination \(or memory\) and )Tj
T*
(perception may be merely a matter of degree\227determined by the vividne\
ss or intensity of an )Tj
T*
(experience. But an imagined or remembered apple is neither as palpable n\
or as tasty as a real apple. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In general, images and memories are pale reflections, much less vivid th\
an the original perception. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Otherwise, we would have difficulty in distinguishing inner from outer e\
xperiences, as sometimes )Tj
T*
(happens to those prone to hallucinations. Our normal ability to distingu\
ish memories of past perceptions )Tj
T*
(from current perceptual experiences has obvious survival value. When our\
distant ancestors came face to )Tj
T*
(face with a saber-toothed tiger, the hunters who were flooded with such \
vivid memory images of all the )Tj
T*
(tigers they had ever seen, and did not know which tiger to run from, wer\
e probably eaten by the real )Tj
T*
(tiger! As a result, they would have had no further descendants, and so n\
one of us are likely to have )Tj
T*
(inherited their dangerous imaginations! Thanks to evolution, most of us \
have inherited the ability to )Tj
T*
(readily distinguish inner events from outer ones\227except in dreams, of\
course. But this is because during )Tj
T*
(the REM state, the part of the brain that normally inhibits the vividnes\
s of imagery is itself inhibited, )Tj
T*
(allowing memories and mental images to be released with undiminished viv\
idness\227as if they were )Tj
T*
(waking perceptions. And this is exactly what we ordinarily take them to \
be, mistaking dreams for )Tj
T*
(external reality\227unless, that is, we happen to be lucid. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(It is plausible to assume that the varying degrees of perceived vividnes\
s have their neurophysiological )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(basis in corresponding variations in the intensity of patterns of neuron\
al discharge in the brain. This )Tj
T*
(being so, the accounts of lucid dreamers, as well as the results of the \
experiments described earlier, )Tj
T*
(suggest that the level of brain activity associated with lucid dreaming \
is at least comparable to, and )Tj
T*
(frequently of even greater intensity than, the activity accompanying wak\
ing perceptions. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Perceptual vividness is probably the main criterion we use to judge how \
real something is. In a famous )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(story, Samuel Johnson kicked a stone to demonstrate what he thought was \
"really" real. But if by some )Tj
T*
(devilry he happened to be dreaming at the time, it would have been a dre\
am stone he was kicking, and it )Tj
T*
(could easily have seemed just as solid and "real." From the point of vie\
w of the brain, what seems real is )Tj
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(as real as real can be. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Taken together, our work at Stanford has amassed strong laboratory evide\
nce indicating that what )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(happens in the inner world of dreams\227and lucid dreams especially\227c\
an produce physical effects on )Tj
T*
(the dreamer's brain no less real than those produced by corresponding ev\
ents happening in the external )Tj
T*
(world. The results of the experiments summarized in this chapter show th\
at the impact of certain dream )Tj
T*
(behaviors on brain and body can be fully equivalent to the impact produc\
ed by corresponding actual )Tj
T*
(behaviors. This fits hand in glove with the fact that dreams are normall\
y )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(experienced )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(by the dreamer as )Tj
T*
(fully real, and indeed it is not unusual for dreams \(especially when lu\
cid\) to seem more real than )Tj
T*
(physical reality itself. This is far from the view prevalent in Western \
societies, seeing dreams as "airy )Tj
T*
(nothings" devoid of meaning and reality. On the contrary, what we do in \
dreams \(or leave undone\) can )Tj
T*
(at times affect us as profoundly as what we do \(or do not do\) in our w\
aking lives. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(I believe our findings have a number of exciting implications. The most \
exciting would seem to be in the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(areas of philosophy, psychophysiology, and neuroscience. All three of th\
ese disciplines have had a )Tj
T*
(longstanding interest in the relationship between the mental and physica\
l worlds. This, the "mind-body )Tj
T*
(problem," is really many problems\227or else a single problem that takes\
many forms. Among these forms )Tj
T*
(is whether and how the subjective \(mental\) events of the dream and the\
objective \(physical\) events )Tj
T*
(occurring in the dreamer's brain are connected. At this point, I can onl\
y give a partial answer: our )Tj
T*
(research indicates that dream events are closely paralleled by brain eve\
nts. The extent to which this )Tj
T*
(model of psychophysiological parallelism will provide an accurate pictur\
e of reality remains a goal for )Tj
T*
(future research. But in whatever details it may ultimately prove to be w\
rong, our model at this point )Tj
T*
(seems empirically to rule out dualistic conceptions of dreaming, such as\
the traditional favorite of the )Tj
T*
(soul \(or "astral body"\) flying about the dream world completely free f\
rom brain and body. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Our results also should encourage psychologists, neuroscientists, and ps\
ychophysiologists attempting to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(discover correspondences between objectively measured physiology and beh\
avior, and subjective )Tj
T*
(experience. We are just at the beginning of mapping out the relationship\
s between the human mind and )Tj
T*
(brain, but our Stanford work may have brought us one small step closer t\
o the day when we will )Tj
T*
(discover the structure of our minds within the microcosm of the human br\
ain. )Tj
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(5 )Tj
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(The Experience of Lucid Dreaming)Tj
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(Let us begin )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(in medias res)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\227as is the way of dreams: I was walking along a gradually ascending )Tj
T*
(mountain path with a friend. As far as the eye could see, the only thing\
moving was the silent mist that )Tj
T*
(veiled the majestic peaks in mystery. But suddenly we found ourselves be\
fore a narrow bridge that )Tj
T*
(precariously spanned a chasm. When I looked down into the bottomless aby\
ss beneath the bridge, I )Tj
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(became dizzy with fear and could not bring myself to proceed. At this, m\
y companion said, "You know, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Stephen, you don't )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(have )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(to go this way. You can go back the way we came," and pointed back down \
)Tj
T*
(what seemed an immense distance. But then the thought crossed my mind th\
at if I were to become lucid, )Tj
T*
(I would have no reason to fear the height. A few seconds of reflection w\
ere enough for me to realize that )Tj
T*
(indeed I )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(was )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(dreaming. My confidence was restored and I was able to cross the bridge \
and awaken. In )Tj
T*
(another dream world, an anonymous dreamer quoted by Ann Faraday found he\
rself facing an unpleasant )Tj
T*
(dilemma; she had two choices: either she could have sex with "a fantasti\
c dream lover" who would )Tj
T*
(afterwards strangle her, or she could simply decide never to have sex ag\
ain. She explained that "her )Tj
T*
(growing desire for a life lived to the full rather than a living death l\
ed her to choose the former, and as )Tj
T*
(she was being led into the arena she suddenly became lucid." Wishing to \
make the most of her lucid )Tj
T*
(dream, "she decided to trick them all and go along with the game; and as\
she laughed to herself about )Tj
T*
(how she would get up and walk away at the end, the environment expanded,\
the colors deepened, and )Tj
T*
(she was high." But when the scene changed, "she found herself flying. ..\
." Later in her lucid dream, she )Tj
T*
(reflected that "although she had been looking forward to the sex, now he\
r deprivation did not seem to )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(matter because she was enjoying other even more exhilarating experiences\
.")Tj
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( )Tj
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(Oliver Fox described one of his lucid dream adventures as follows: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(...eventually we left the carnival and fire behind us and came to a yell\
ow path, leading )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(across a desolate moor. As we stood at the foot of this path it suddenly\
rose up before us )Tj
T*
(and became a roadway of golden light stretching from earth to zenith. No\
w in this amber-)Tj
T*
(tinted shining haze there appeared countless coloured forms of men and b\
easts, )Tj
T*
(representing man's upward evolution through different stages of civiliza\
tion. These forms )Tj
T*
(faded away; the pathway lost its golden tint and became a mass of vibrat\
ing circles of )Tj
T*
(globules \(like frog's eggs\), a purplish-blue in colour. These in their\
turn changed to )Tj
T*
('peacock's eyes'; and then suddenly there came a culminating vision of a\
gigantic peacock, )Tj
T*
(whose outspread tail filled the heavens. I exclaimed to my wife, 'The Vi\
sion of the )Tj
T*
(Universal Peacock!' Moved by the splendor of the sight, I recited in a l\
oud voice a mantra. )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(Then the dream ended.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(The three very different accounts quoted above illustrate something of t\
he diversity of form and content )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(shown by lucid dreams. After reading a variety of the fascinating storie\
s people have reported of their )Tj
T*
(lucid dreams, you might naturally be inspired to have your own lucid dre\
ams. The lucid dreams )Tj
T*
(described in this book will give you a sufficiently detailed picture to \
appreciate the complexity of the )Tj
T*
(phenomenon. You will be well informed about what lucid dreamers )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(say )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(they feel, but will you know )Tj
T*
(what it is really like to have a lucid dream? You cannot know fire witho\
ut being warmed by it \(and a )Tj
T*
(little burned as well!\)\227 any more than you can know the taste of a f\
ruit you have never eaten or the )Tj
T*
(sound of a Beethoven string quartet you have never listened to. In just \
the same way, you cannot really )Tj
T*
(know what lucid dreaming is like until you have done it yourself. Having\
made my disclaimers, I will )Tj
T*
(try to give you a feeling of what lucid dreams are like, generalizing fr\
om some of the more familiar )Tj
T*
(experiences of your daytime and nighttime lives. )Tj
ET
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(Take a few minutes, now, to observe your present state of awareness. Fir\
st of all, notice the richly varied )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(and vivid impressions harvested by your visual sense alone\227shapes, co\
lors, movement, dimensionality. )Tj
T*
(Next, register the various sounds taken in by your ears\227a diverse ran\
ge of intensities, pitches, and tonal )Tj
T*
(qualities, perhaps including the commonplace miracle of speech or the wo\
nder of music. Observe the )Tj
T*
(experiential dimensions uniquely afforded by each of your other senses: \
taste, smell, and touch. )Tj
T*
(Continued introspection in this manner reveals your self to be contained\
within, and oddly enough, )Tj
T*
(always at the center of a multifarious universe of sensory experience. A\
lso note the subtle but essential )Tj
T*
(difference the process of reflection has contributed to your experience.\
Not only are you aware of all the )Tj
T*
(sensory impressions just surveyed, but you can also, if you try, be awar\
e that you are noticing these )Tj
T*
(things. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Normally, awareness focuses on objects outside ourselves, but sometimes \
it turns in on itself. If you )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(focus your attention on )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(who )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(is focusing your attention, it is like standing in front of a mirror fac\
e to face )Tj
T*
(with your own reflection. This inner state of self-reflection is called \
consciousness. I am warning )Tj
T*
(innocent readers that I intend to use this word exclusively to mean refl\
ective awareness, as just )Tj
T*
(described. \(Other writers have been known to use the word )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(consciousness )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(to refer to the mental abilities )Tj
T*
(of hydrogen atoms! This is )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(not )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(what I have in mind, but enough said.\) )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(All right, I trust you have been able to uncover your "inner eye" of con\
scious self-reflection. Well, now )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(what? What is it good for? If you value freedom very highly, logic deman\
ds that you put a similar value )Tj
T*
(on consciousness. Why? Because consciousness is what allows you to act m\
ost freely and flexibly. With )Tj
T*
(habitual action, we can only do what we have already learned. But with c\
onsciously directed, intentional )Tj
T*
(action, we are free to do things we have never done before. In any case,\
by means of consciousness you )Tj
T*
(are able to deliberately attend to whatever interests you. You could put\
this book down now or turn the )Tj
T*
(page. You could freely remember a vast number of facts about your life, \
and you could, if put to the test, )Tj
T*
(think clearly. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This sketch of your current experience could serve as a description of l\
ucid dreaming\227with some )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(important modifications. First of all, in that state you would know it w\
as all a dream. Because of this, the )Tj
T*
(world around you would tend to rearrange and transform itself \(includin\
g the dream characters in it\) )Tj
T*
(much more than we are used to in daily life. "Impossible things" might w\
ell happen, and the dream )Tj
T*
(scene itself, rather than fading into nothing, might increase in vividne\
ss and beauty until you found )Tj
T*
(yourself rubbing your eyes in disbelief. Further, if you were willing an\
d able to own the dream as )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(yours, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
T*
(you would see it all as your own creation. This would imply that you wer\
e responsible for what was )Tj
T*
(happening, and with this might come a wondrous feeling of freedom\227for\
lucid dreamers nothing is )Tj
T*
(impossible! Inspired by this realization, you might fly to heights as ye\
t undared. You might choose to )Tj
T*
(face someone or something that you have been fearfully avoiding; you mig\
ht choose an erotic encounter )Tj
T*
(with the most desirable partner you can imagine; you might visit a dead \
loved one to whom you have )Tj
T*
(been wanting to speak; you might seek self-knowledge and wisdom in your \
dream. The possibilities are )Tj
T*
(endless, which leaves plenty of room for prosaic lucid dreams, too. So i\
t is important to have a goal\227)Tj
T*
(something you want to do the next time you have a lucid dream. Although \
the particulars of lucid dream )Tj
T*
(content vary tremendously, there are certain characteristics of lucid dr\
eams that apply to most and )Tj
T*
(perhaps all of them. )Tj
ET
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(Who Is the Dreamer? )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 697.59094 Tm
(A lucid dream implies a lucid dreamer. Obvious as that may seem, there a\
re subtleties here. First of all, )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 -1.2 TD
(who )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(exactly is the lucid dreamer? Is the lucid dreamer identical to the pers\
on we seem to be in the )Tj
T*
(dream? Or to the person who is actually asleep and dreaming? The questio\
n of the identity of the )Tj
T*
(dreamer is in a certain sense mysterious; to solve the mystery, we first\
need a list of suspects. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The most obvious suspect would seem to be the sleeper. It is, after all,\
the brain of the sleeping person )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(that is actually doing the dreaming. But sleepers have a perfect alibi: \
they weren't there at the time of the )Tj
T*
(dream, or any other time either\227they were in bed asleep! Sleepers bel\
ong to the world of external rather )Tj
T*
(than internal reality\227because we can see and objectively test that th\
ey are asleep. But dreamers belong )Tj
T*
(to the world of internal reality\227we cannot see who, how, or what they\
are dreaming. So, we must turn )Tj
T*
(our attention to the denizens of the dream world. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In a dream, there is usually a character present whom the sleeper takes \
to be himself. It is through the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dream eyes of this dream body that we normally witness the events of the\
dream. The dream body is )Tj
T*
(ordinarily who we think we are while dreaming, and this seems the obviou\
s suspect. But actually we )Tj
T*
(only )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(dream )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(we are that person. This dream character is merely a representation of o\
urselves. I call the )Tj
T*
(character the "dream actor" or "dream ego." The point of view of the dre\
am ego is that of a willing or )Tj
T*
(unwilling participant\227apparently contained within a multidimensional \
world \(the dream\), much as you )Tj
T*
(probably experience your existence right now. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(That the dream actor is not the dreamer is shown by the fact that there \
are some dreams in which we )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(apparently play no part at all. In these dreams, we seem in varying degr\
ees to witness, from the outside, )Tj
T*
(the events of the dream. Sometimes we dream, for example, that we are wa\
tching a play. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(We )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(seem to be )Tj
T*
(in the audience while the action unfolds on stage. In this case we are a\
t least represented as being )Tj
T*
(present, though passively observing. A famous example of this type of dr\
eam is found in the Old )Tj
T*
(Testament \(Genesis 41:1-7\): )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(Pharaoh dreamed: and, behold, he stood by the river.)Tj
T*
(And, behold, there came up out of the river seven well favoured kine and\
fat-fleshed; and )Tj
T*
(they fed in a meadow.)Tj
T*
(And, behold, seven other kine came up after them out of the river, ill f\
avoured and lean-)Tj
T*
(fleshed; and stood by the other kine upon the bank of the river.)Tj
T*
(And the ill favoured and lean-fleshed kine did eat up the seven well fav\
oured and fat kine. )Tj
T*
(So Pharaoh awoke. )Tj
-2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(In other cases, the dreamer may not be present in the dream at all, as i\
n the dream Pharaoh had when he )Tj
T*
(went back to sleep: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(And he slept and dreamed the second time: and behold, seven ears of corn\
came up on one )Tj
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(stalk, rank and good.)Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(And, behold, seven thin ears and blasted with the east wind sprung up af\
ter them.)Tj
T*
(And the seven thin ears devoured the seven rank and full ears. And Phara\
oh awoke, and, )Tj
T*
(behold, it was a dream. )Tj
-2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(I call this disembodied perspective the "dream observer." The dream obse\
rver is not contained in the )Tj
T*
(dream proper but stands outside it. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Every dream contains at least one point of view with which we identify: \
the part we are playing in our )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dream theater. The nature of the role we play or choose to play in our d\
ream allows us varying degrees )Tj
T*
(of involvement, ranging from the complete participation of the dream act\
or to the uninvolved )Tj
T*
(detachment of the dream observer. So the answer to "Who is the lucid dre\
amer?" seems to be that he or )Tj
T*
(she is a composite figure\227partly the dream ego or dream actor, and pa\
rtly the dream observer. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(There are usually other characters present in the dream besides the one \
we think we are. These are the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(animate and inanimate characters that make up the remainder of the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(dramatis personae )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(of the dream. )Tj
T*
(And, of course, if there is a single dream character with whom we fully \
identify at any given moment, )Tj
T*
(this becomes the dream ego. We may dream, for example, that we are watch\
ing a play from the )Tj
T*
(audience. Our identification at this point is with an outside observer. \
But if we sufficiently identify with )Tj
T*
(one of the actors onstage, the results may be our suddenly )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(becoming )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(that character. Usually this happens )Tj
T*
(in such a way that we forget that a moment earlier we were dreaming we w\
ere someone else. Our )Tj
T*
(tendency to identify is so strong that we forget ourselves in the roles \
we play. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Which of these states of identification characterizes the lucid dreamer\227\
participant or observer? The )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(answer is, a combination of both. Putting it all together, we could say \
that the dream ego is )Tj
T*
(experientially in and part of the dream world, while the dream observer \
is neither. The combination of )Tj
T*
(these two perspectives is characteristic of lucid dreaming and allows th\
e lucid dreamer to be "in the )Tj
T*
(dream, but not of it." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Lucid dreaming seems to require a balance between detachment and partici\
pation. A person who is too )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(rigidly attached to a role while dreaming will be too involved to step b\
ack far enough to see the role )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(as )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(a )Tj
T*
(role. On the contrary, a rigidly detached person will be too uninvolved \
and "out of it" to care. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In my own experience, participation seems a virtual requirement for luci\
d dreaming. Although I )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(occasionally have dreams in which I am simply an observer, in none of th\
ese have I ever become lucid. )Tj
T*
(In nearly all of the nearly nine hundred lucid dreams that I have record\
ed, I have been embodied in the )Tj
T*
(dream in the accustomed guise of myself. In only three cases was I playi\
ng a role other than "Stephen L.)Tj
T*
(aBerge" when I realized I was dreaming. The exceptions are interesting: \
in one I dreamed I was simply a )Tj
T*
(disembodied point of light; in another, a magic set of china; and in the\
third, I was Mozart\227though only )Tj
T*
(until I realized that I was dreaming. Then, I felt like "Stephen as Moza\
rt"\227an actor playing a role I )Tj
T*
(knew was only a role. But somehow, behind the mask, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(I )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(was not someone else, but )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(me. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(There may be )Tj
T*
(individual differences in this respect, but for me, being fully embodied\
\(and the center of action, usually\) )Tj
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(seems a virtual prerequisite for attaining lucidity. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(At the same time, a certain degree of detachment seems necessary in orde\
r to step back from the dream )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(ego role and say, "This is all a dream." To say this is to )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(observe)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\227with a part of oneself, at least\227the )Tj
T*
(dream. So becoming lucid requires the observer's perspective, as well, a\
nd the lucid dreamer thus seems )Tj
T*
(to possess at least two distinct levels of awareness. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In my own lucid dreams, I have sometimes found the emergence of this dua\
l awareness perplexing. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Recall the example from the beginning of this chapter: I first had the t\
hought that if I were to become )Tj
T*
(lucid, I would have no reason to fear. And then a moment later, I realiz\
ed I )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(was )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The fact that fully lucid dreamers realize their dream bodies are )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(not )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(who they really are has important )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(implications, to be taken up in a later chapter. For now, it is sufficie\
nt to point out that such lucid )Tj
T*
(dreamers realize their )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(egos )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(are only models of themselves, and cease to mistake them for the real th\
ing. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 228.36461 491.04572 Tm
(Cognitive Functions )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 454.79092 Tm
(The form taken by lucid dreams is also determined by the lucid dreamer's\
mental state. Just as the )Tj
T*
(quality of our memory, thinking, and will power varies in the waking sta\
te, so it varies in the dream )Tj
T*
(state. At best, lucid dreamers can reason clearly, remember freely, and \
act as they wish to upon )Tj
T*
(reflection; however, they do not always possess these mental abilities t\
o a great extent. There are, in fact, )Tj
T*
(degrees of lucidity, and probably only relatively experienced lucid drea\
mers function on a level )Tj
T*
(comparable to their better moments while awake. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Minor flaws in thinking are not infrequent during lucid dreams. Some luc\
id dreamers, for instance, have )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(problems keeping a clear distinction between their dream worlds and the \
physical world. Saint-Denys )Tj
T*
(wrote that he experienced great difficulty remembering that the other ch\
aracters in his lucid dreams were )Tj
T*
(not actually real people sharing his experiences. He described a dream i\
n which he was visiting a church )Tj
T*
(tower with a friend and admiring the splendid panorama before them. He e\
xplained that he knew very )Tj
T*
(well it was only a dream, but nonetheless asked his dream friend to reme\
mber the dream so they could )Tj
T*
(talk about it the next day when they awoke. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Most lucid dreamers, however, have little difficulty realizing that the \
characters they find in their lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreams are imaginary. More commonly they are confused about the characte\
r they themselves play, and )Tj
T*
(think )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(they )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(are real, but treat other dream characters as figments of "their" imagin\
ation. Nevertheless, )Tj
T*
(fully lucid dreamers readily recognize that all the characters in their \
lucid dreams, including their dream )Tj
T*
(egos, are nothing more than images. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(A variation in how well we remember things also leads to differences in \
what occurs in dreams, lucid or )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(otherwise. It may not be obvious, but levels of consciousness and memory\
are connected. The low level )Tj
T*
(of consciousness of the usual dream state is accompanied by the dreamer'\
s forgetting that he or she has )Tj
T*
(recently gone to sleep. Questions concerning recent happenings are apt t\
o be met with "confabulation"\227)Tj
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(a likely story mistaken for memory\227rather than actual memory. For exa\
mple, if someone were to ask )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(you in a dream where you found all the money you had in your hand, you m\
ight answer, "I found it )Tj
T*
(lying in a gutter," instead of remembering that you actually found it in\
a dream! In contrast, the full )Tj
T*
(emergence of self-consciousness in the lucid dream brings with it contin\
uous memory access; for )Tj
T*
(example, the lucid dreamer can recall where he or she is sleeping at the\
moment\227a useful fact when in )Tj
T*
(the sleep laboratory. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(There are individual differences in memory access during lucid dreaming,\
just as there are with thinking )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(and volition. One relatively experienced lucid dreamer reported that "in\
none of my lucid dreams could I )Tj
T*
(reason as clearly or remember as fully as when awake." Contrary to the s\
cores of experiences of our )Tj
T*
(lucid dream subjects at the Stanford Sleep Laboratory, the same lucid dr\
eamer claims that "in a series of )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(experiments in which I tried to recall where I was sleeping, I never cou\
ld remember very specifically.")Tj
ET
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(3)Tj
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( )Tj
-41.42114 -1.2 Td
(We must keep in mind that there may be considerable individual differenc\
es in the mental abilities )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(accessible to the lucid dreamer; nevertheless, they generally appear to \
approach those available to the )Tj
T*
(individual while awake. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 200.98384 471.6973 Tm
(Motivation and Expectation )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 435.44247 Tm
(Motivations are what move us to act. They take many forms in the dream a\
s well as in the waking state. )Tj
T*
(We may distinguish four levels of motivation that can affect what happen\
s in dreams, whether lucid or )Tj
T*
(not. On the lowest level, there are )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(drives, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(which, for example, motivate us to dream that we are visiting )Tj
T*
(the bathroom when we need to. Then there are )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(desires, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(which could lead us to find ourselves in bed with )Tj
T*
(our favorite movie star. Next we find )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(expectations, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(and finally, )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(ideals )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(or )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(goals. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(While expectations are )Tj
T*
(characteristic of the habitual level of our behavior, ideals are by thei\
r nature )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(deliberate. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(We can only )Tj
T*
(follow them if we are conscious; thus, it is only in our )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(lucid )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(dreams that we are able to act fully in )Tj
T*
(accordance with our ideals. This ability will prove extremely useful to \
us later, when we discuss )Tj
T*
(transpersonal dreams in Chapter 10. Since much more of our behavior is h\
abitual than deliberate, )Tj
T*
(expectations exert a more pervasive influence than ideals on our dreams \
as well as on the rest of our )Tj
T*
(lives. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The general set of expectations guiding our ordinary waking experience a\
lso governs our ordinary dream )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(state. We tacitly assume, in both cases, that we are awake, and so our p\
erceptions during dreaming are )Tj
T*
(distorted to fit this assumption. As an example of this, let us use psyc\
hology's most famous card trick. In )Tj
T*
(a 1949 study, Bruner and Postman briefly flashed playing cards on a scre\
en in front of subjects who )Tj
T*
(were asked to identify what they saw. But the catch was that some of the\
cards were nonstandard\227for )Tj
T*
(instance, a )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(red )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(ace of spades. At first the subjects saw the anomalous card as an ace of\
hearts. Only after )Tj
T*
(the cards were flashed for longer intervals did the subjects become awar\
e that there was anything odd )Tj
T*
(about the nonstandard cards. Still longer exposures were necessary for m\
ost subjects to correctly )Tj
T*
(perceive the cards as unconventional. When given hints by the experiment\
ers\227along the lines of, )Tj
T*
("Although spades are )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(usually )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(black, they don't have to be"\227some subjects were able to modify their\
)Tj
T*
(perceptions and correctly perceive the unorthodox cards at very short ex\
posures. But some subjects, )Tj
T*
(when given the same hint, were unsure and required more exposure before \
they finally perceived the )Tj
ET
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(cards correctly. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The analogy to lucid dreaming is this: just as the subjects had the taci\
t expectation that spades are black )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(and hearts are red, so we, as dreamers, normally assume that we are awak\
e. When bizarre dream events )Tj
T*
(occur, as they frequently do during REM sleep, we somehow assimilate the\
m into what we consider )Tj
T*
(possible. If we happen to notice or experience them as somehow unusual, \
we are usually able to )Tj
T*
(rationalize them. The assumption is that "there must be a logical explan\
ation," within the \(delusional\) )Tj
T*
(conceptual scheme of the dreamer. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(On several occasions, people have told me that on the very night they ha\
d a conversation with me about )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lucid dreaming, they had their first lucid dream. These people correspon\
d to the psychology subjects )Tj
T*
(who easily took the hints\227they now knew that although apparent incons\
istencies usually have "logical )Tj
T*
(explanations" in the physical world, sometimes the explanation for anoma\
lies is that we are dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Your expectations and assumptions, whether conscious or unconscious, abo\
ut what dreams are like, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(determine to a remarkable extent the precise form your lucid dreams take\
. As I have said, this applies )Tj
T*
(just as much to your waking life. As an example of the effect of assumed\
limitations on human )Tj
T*
(performance, take the myth of the four-minute mile. For many years, it w\
as believed impossible to run )Tj
T*
(that fast ... until someone did it and the impossible became possible. A\
lmost immediately, many others )Tj
T*
(were able to do the same. A )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(conceptual )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(barrier had been broken. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(There is reason to believe that in the dream world, assumptions play an \
even more important role. After )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(all, in the physical world there are actual limitations built into our b\
odies, not to mention the constraints )Tj
T*
(of the laws of physics. Although the barrier of the four-minute mile was\
not insurmountable, there are )Tj
T*
(absolute limits to human speed: with the bodies we have today, for examp\
le, a one-minute mile is )Tj
T*
(probably impossible. In the dream world, however, the laws of physics ar\
e followed merely by )Tj
T*
(convention, if at all: there is no gravity in dreams. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Nevertheless, there are equivalent laws of physiology that constrain a l\
ucid dreamer's action, deriving )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(from the functional limitations of the human brain. For example, lucid d\
reamers appear to find reading )Tj
T*
(\(more than a word or two\) virtually impossible. As Moers-Messmer point\
ed out, letters in lucid dreams )Tj
T*
(just won't hold still. When he tried to focus on words, the letters turn\
ed into hieroglyphics. \(Note that I )Tj
T*
(am not saying we can never read in dreams. I myself have had dreams in w\
hich I have done so, but these )Tj
T*
(were not )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(lucid )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(dreams, in which the writing was being produced in response to voluntary\
intention.\) )Tj
T*
(Another example derives from Saint-Denys, who found that he was often un\
able to alter the level of )Tj
T*
(illumination in his lucid dreams. I have experienced the same difficulty\
, which has been dubbed the )Tj
T*
("Light-Switch" phenomenon by Hearne. However, physiological constraints \
such as these seem to be far )Tj
T*
(fewer than those imposed in waking life by physical laws, leaving more r\
oom in dreams for )Tj
T*
(psychological influences, such as assumptions, to play a limiting role. \
)Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(That expectations exert a powerful influence on the phenomena experience\
d by a particular dreamer is )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(vividly illustrated by the following examples. The Russian philosopher O\
uspensky believed, on )Tj
ET
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(theoretical grounds, that "man cannot in sleep think about himself )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(unless the thought is itself a dream.)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(" )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(From this he concluded that "a man can never pronounce his own name in s\
leep." It should therefore )Tj
T*
(come as no surprise that Ouspensky reported, "as expected," that "if I p\
ronounced my name in sleep, I )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(immediately woke up.")Tj
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(4)Tj
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( Rather than an experiment, Ouspensky's exercise should probably be seen\
as a )Tj
-9.68114 -1.2 Td
(clear instance of the influence that experience can have on the events o\
f the dream state. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(One of Celia Green's informants, referred to as "Subject C," heard of th\
e philosopher's experiences and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(tested the effect of repeating her own name during a lucid dream. She re\
ports that "I thought of )Tj
T*
(Ouspensky's criterion of repeating one's own name. I achieved a sort of \
gap-in-consciousness of two )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(words: but it seemed to have some effect; made me 'giddy,' perhaps; at a\
ny rate I stopped.")Tj
ET
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( )Tj
-36.67413 -2.55714 Td
(Patricia Garfield described a lucid dream of her own that also bears on \
the issue: "... in 'Carving My )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Name,' I proceeded to do just that on the door where I was already carvi\
ng. I read it and realized why )Tj
T*
(Ouspensky believed it is impossible to say one's name in a lucid dream: \
the whole atmosphere vibrated )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(and thundered and I woke.")Tj
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( Garfield, who was also familiar with Subject C's experience, concluded \
that )Tj
-11.40114 -1.2 Td
(it is "not impossible to say one's own name in a lucid dream, but it )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(is )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(disruptive." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(When I read Ouspensky's account, I didn't accept his reasoning or his or\
iginal premise, and I could see )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(no reason why saying one's name while dreaming should present any diffic\
ulty at all. I decided to test )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
T*
(my )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(expectation, and in one of my early lucid dreams I spoke the magic word\227\
"Stephen, I am Stephen." )Tj
T*
(Beyond hearing my own voice, nothing happened. The conclusion would seem\
to be that the experiences )Tj
T*
(of Ouspensky, Subject C, and Garfield were all influenced by their prior\
expectations. An alternate )Tj
T*
(explanation might be that we normally hear our names in sleep only when \
being waken up by someone, )Tj
T*
(and may make that association in the dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Another illustration of the effect of assumptions on lucid dreams can be\
found in two contrary views of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(sexuality in lucid dreams. In the first case, a subject declared that "r\
ealization that one is dreaming )Tj
T*
(brings a wonderful sense of freedom\227freedom to try anything in the ex\
tended range of experience." She )Tj
T*
(added, "The nature of lucid dream experience may range up to the mystica\
l, whilst )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(there seems to be an )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(inherent resistance to anything erotic )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
([my italics].")Tj
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(7)Tj
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( )Tj
-20.84714 -2.55714 Td
(Patricia Garfield's experiences present a striking contrast. She reports\
that in "fully two-thirds" of her )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lucid dreams, she feels "the flow of sexual energy; this arousal culmina\
tes in an orgasmic burst on about )Tj
T*
(half of these accounts." Garfield writes, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
("Orgasm is a natural part of lucid dreaming )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
([her italics]: my )Tj
T*
(own experience convinces me that conscious dreaming )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(is )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(orgasmic," and adds that "too many of my )Tj
T*
(students have reported similar ecstatic experiences during lucid dreams \
to attribute the phenomena to my )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(individual peculiarity.")Tj
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(8)Tj
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( )Tj
-9.59814 -2.55714 Td
(The point is not whether lucid dreaming is "naturally" erotic or the opp\
osite, because the answer is )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(probably that it is neither. Instead, it's most likely a matter of "as t\
he dreamer, so the dream." )Tj
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(There are two related lessons to be taken from these examples. The first\
is that the assumptions a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreamer makes about what can happen during a lucid dream may wholly or i\
n part determine what )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(does )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
T*
(happen. The second lesson follows as a corollary: namely, that individua\
l differences may be very )Tj
T*
(significant in the phenomenology of lucid dreaming. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 137.70923 656.70349 Tm
(Varieties of Action: The Question of Control )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 620.44873 Tm
(The actions of lucid dreamers vary over the same range\227from simple to\
complex\227that they do when )Tj
T*
(we are awake. Some of our actions are )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(reflexive, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(as when we walk around in our lucid dreams without )Tj
T*
(losing balance. Others are )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(instinctive, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(as when we run because we are afraid. Still others are )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(habitual, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(as )Tj
T*
(when we continue to drive our cars to work even though we know we are dr\
eaming. Finally, some of our )Tj
T*
(actions are )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(deliberate, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(as when we resist running away even though we are frightened by the even\
ts of )Tj
T*
(the dream. \(Not acting can itself be a form of deliberate action.\) I h\
ave ordered these four forms of )Tj
T*
(action from most unconscious and automatic to most conscious and volunta\
ry. The higher the level on )Tj
T*
(which we act, the more freedom we have. Freedom, however, means choice, \
and we do not always wish )Tj
T*
(to have to choose\227and in many cases, we always choose the same thing \
anyway. On the other hand, )Tj
T*
(there are times when deliberate action is much more adaptive than habitu\
al or instinctive action, as when )Tj
T*
(we choose not to run away when afraid, but decide to face our fears volu\
ntarily and master them. Most )Tj
T*
(of our behavior consists of complex combinations of all four levels of a\
ction. The highest level of action )Tj
T*
(available to us depends upon how conscious we are at the time. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Voluntary and conscious action is much more available to lucid dreamers \
than to non-lucid dreamers. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(The experienced lucid dreamer seems to be able to exercise at least as m\
uch free choice while dreaming )Tj
T*
(as while waking. Just as you are free to read the next sentence or not, \
the lucid dreamer is able to choose )Tj
T*
(what he will do next, as is illustrated by the following dream of Saint-\
Denys: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(... I dreamt that I was out riding in fine weather. I became aware of my\
true situation, and )Tj
T*
(remembered the question of whether or not I could exercise free will in \
controlling my )Tj
T*
(actions in a dream. 'Well now,' I said to myself, This horse is only an \
illusion; this )Tj
T*
(countryside that I am passing through is merely stage scenery. But even \
if I have not )Tj
T*
(evoked these images by conscious volition, I certainly seem to have some\
control over )Tj
T*
(them. I decide to gallop, I gallop; I decide to stop, I stop. Now here a\
re two roads in front )Tj
T*
(of me. The one on the right appears to plunge into a dense wood; the one\
on the left leads )Tj
T*
(to some kind of ruined manor; I feel quite distinctly that I am free to \
turn either right or )Tj
T*
(left, and so decide for myself whether I wish to produce images relating\
to the ruins or )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(images relating to the wood.)Tj
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( )Tj
-14.5743 -2.55714 Td
(In any case, the capacity for voluntary action seems to be one of the mo\
st fascinating features of lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreams. Lucid dreamers are often overjoyed to discover they can seemingl\
y do anything they wish. They )Tj
T*
(have, for instance, but to declare the law of gravity repealed, and they\
float. They can visit the )Tj
T*
(Himalayas and climb to the highest peak without ropes or guides; they ca\
n even explore the solar system )Tj
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(without a space suit! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This brings up two questions regarding control of lucid dreaming. The fi\
rst is, how much is possible? )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(This appears to depend upon a number of factors: how experienced the luc\
id dreamer is; what degree of )Tj
T*
(psychological development he or she has reached in the waking state; wha\
t assumptions he or she has )Tj
T*
(about lucid dreams and their control. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Aside from these psychological factors, there appear to be physiological\
determinants as well. The )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(momentary state of the lucid dreamer's brain limits the degree of delibe\
rate control available; this is )Tj
T*
(especially true in regard to voluntary control of the dream environment \
as distinct from the dream ego. )Tj
T*
(Saint-Denys himself admitted that he had never managed to master all the\
parts of a dream. On the other )Tj
T*
(hand, the Tibetans claim that masters of the lucid dream yoga can do jus\
t about anything in their dreams, )Tj
T*
(including visiting any realm of existence they desire. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The second question regarding dream control involves what kind is desira\
ble. A distinction can be )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(drawn between two kinds of dream control. One involves magical manipulat\
ion of dream characters )Tj
T*
(other than the dream ego\227controlling "them" or "it." This is just the\
type of control that does not always )Tj
T*
(work \(for any of us except the most advanced masters\), yet this limita\
tion may actually be a blessing: if )Tj
T*
(we learned to solve our problems in our lucid dreams by magical alterati\
on of dream content, we might )Tj
T*
(mistakenly hope to do the same in our waking lives. Suppose, for instanc\
e, in my "ogre dream," I had )Tj
T*
(chosen to turn my adversary into a toad, and I was in fact able to dispe\
nse with the unpleasantness that )Tj
T*
(way. How would it help me if at another time I were to find myself in co\
nflict with a boss or other )Tj
T*
(authority figure whom I might well see as an ogre, in spite of my being \
awake? Turning him into a toad )Tj
T*
(would hardly be practical; however, a change in attitude might resolve t\
he situation. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The other kind of control open to lucid dreamers is )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(self-control, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(exercised over our own dream egos. We )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(are free to regulate our responses to dream content, and what we learn i\
n so doing readily applies to our )Tj
T*
(waking lives as well\227thus we dream in order to learn how to live bett\
er both by day and by night. For )Tj
T*
(example, in my "ogre dream," I gained a measure of self-control and conf\
idence by confronting the )Tj
T*
(monster that could serve me well in the waking world. For this reason, a\
mong others, I would advise the )Tj
T*
(lucid dreamer who would be wise: "Control yourself, not your dreams." )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 237.33 203.24573 Tm
(Emotional Quality )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 166.99094 Tm
(What does it )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(feel )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(like to be in a lucid dream? This is a question many readers may be aski\
ng. As has )Tj
T*
(already been said, feeling in lucid dreams, while generally positive or \
relatively neutral, can vary over )Tj
T*
(the entire range of human emotions\227from agony \(mitigated by the real\
ization that "it is only a dream"\) )Tj
T*
(to the ecstasy of sexual or religious bliss. The realization that one is\
dreaming is frequently accompanied )Tj
T*
(by very positive emotions, as the following sample of quotations should \
make clear. For Rapport, the )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(emergence of lucidity "instantly" transformed his dream into "an incommu\
nicably beautiful vision.")Tj
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(10)Tj
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( )Tj
-40.73129 -1.2 Td
(For Faraday, "immediately the light became almost supernaturally intense\
... space seemed expanded )Tj
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(and deeper, just as it does under psychedelic drugs.")Tj
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(11)Tj
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( Similarly, for Yram \(1967\), "... the transformation )Tj
-21.61829 -1.2 Td
(was instantaneous. As if under a magic spell I suddenly became as clear \
headed as in the best moments )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(of my physical life.")Tj
ET
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134.59 714.95062 l
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(12)Tj
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( Fox \(1962\) described the onset of his first experience of lucidity th\
is way: )Tj
-8.89929 -1.2 Td
("Instantly, the vividness of life increased a hundred-fold ... never had\
I felt so absolutely well, so clear )Tj
T*
(brained, so divinely powerful, so inexpressibly )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(free!")Tj
ET
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318.28403 674.40222 l
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(13)Tj
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( )Tj
-22.02029 -2.55714 Td
(Of course, these are the most extraordinary cases. However, even the mos\
t prosaic lucid dreams tend to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(begin with an unmistakable sense of excitement and delight. This is stil\
l true for me even after hundreds )Tj
T*
(of lucid dreams\227although the novelty is gone, the thrill seems someho\
w to remain. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The emotional arousal characteristically accompanying the beginning of l\
ucidity presents all lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreamers, and especially novices, with a certain problem. This is the te\
ndency to awaken immediately, )Tj
T*
(particularly if lucidity begins during a nightmare. The solution is simp\
ly expressed: "Don't panic! )Tj
T*
(Remain calm." At first this is more easily said than done, but with prac\
tice the response becomes )Tj
T*
(automatic and eventually effortless. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(According to Celia Green, "Habitual lucid dreamers almost unanimously st\
ress the importance of )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(emotional detachment in prolonging the experience and retaining a high d\
egree of lucidity.")Tj
ET
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534.68201 442.45377 l
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(14)Tj
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( There are )Tj
-37.47729 -1.2 Td
(two issues involved here. Guarding against loss of lucidity is one. One \
danger of emotional involvement )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(is that the lucid dreamer's consciousness may be reabsorbed by the dream\
, and as the lucid dreamer )Tj
T*
(becomes emotionally absorbed, he reidentifies with the dream role. This \
is a problem more often )Tj
T*
(experienced by beginners than experienced lucid dreamers, and with pract\
ice, one can easily learn to )Tj
T*
(maintain lucidity during intense emotional involvement with the dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The second issue, prolonging the lucid dream state, also requires a degr\
ee of emotional control. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(However, lucid dreamers are by no means unanimous about the extent to wh\
ich this is necessary. At one )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(extreme, Green's "Subject A" claimed that "emotional detachment is of pa\
ramount importance.")Tj
ET
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557.44604 282.10532 l
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(15)Tj
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( Oliver )Tj
-39.10329 -1.2 Td
(Fox seemed to feel the same: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(It was so difficult to maintain the role of an impersonal observer in th\
is strange Dream )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(World, to realize that if I allowed my emotions to get the better of my \
mental control the )Tj
T*
(dream would come to an abrupt end. I would enter a restaurant and order \
a meal, only to )Tj
T*
(wake after savoring the first few mouthfuls. ... )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Similarly I would visit a theatre, but could never stay in the dream mor\
e than a few )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(minutes after the curtain had risen, because my growing interest in the \
play broke down )Tj
T*
(my mental control of the experience. I would encounter a fascinating lad\
y and even talk to )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(her for a little while, but the mere thought of a possible embrace was f\
atal.)Tj
ET
466.80801 85.95689 m
476.80801 85.95689 l
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( )Tj
-33.34343 -2.55714 Td
(It is probably emotional )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(conflict )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(rather than emotions in general that most often threatens lucid dreamers\
)Tj
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(with premature awakening. What, for Fox, "the mere thought of was fatal"\
to his lucid dream has been )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(taken much further by other, perhaps less inhibited, lucid dreamers. Gar\
field, for example, writes that in )Tj
T*
(her early experiences with lucid dreaming she awoke immediately before, \
during, or just after orgasm. )Tj
T*
(Later, with practice, and as she became less sexually inhibited in her w\
aking life, she "began )Tj
T*
(experiencing dream orgasms of profound intensity with a totality of self\
that is only sometimes felt in )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(my waking state. I found myself bursting into soul-and-body-shaking expe\
riences.")Tj
ET
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487.26401 671.49908 l
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( )Tj
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(Perceptual Quality )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
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(Just as in their cognitive and emotional aspects, lucid dreams vary trem\
endously in terms of the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(perceptual quality of the experience. In some the scene is dimly lit or \
vaguely delineated; others take the )Tj
T*
(lucid dreamer's breath away with their intense beauty and extravagant de\
tail. Some seem, indeed, "more )Tj
T*
(real than real." In general, though, the lucid dream seems to be more pe\
rceptually vivid than the non-)Tj
T*
(lucid dream. There are at least two sources of support for this contenti\
on. An indirect source is our )Tj
T*
(psychophysiological research indicating that lucid dreams are characteri\
zed by relatively intense brain )Tj
T*
(activation, which probably correlates with perceptual vividness. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Psychologist Jayne Gackenbach is one of the foremost authorities on luci\
d dreaming. She and her team )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(at the University of Northern Iowa have undertaken extensive studies of \
personality factors influencing )Tj
T*
(lucid dreaming ability, as well as the content differences of lucid and \
non-lucid dreams. Of relevance )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(here, Gackenbach demonstrated that lucid dreams were indeed more vivid t\
han ordinary dreams.)Tj
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(18)Tj
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( )Tj
-39.37129 -2.55714 Td
(We have completed our sketch of the dimensions of the world of lucid dre\
ams. Having considered what )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(it is like being in a lucid dream, now let us ask, How do dreamers get t\
here? )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 180.78346 304.36423 Tm
(Entry into the Lucid Dream State )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 268.10944 Tm
(Lucid dreaming can be conceptualized as the union of two separate elemen\
ts, dreaming and )Tj
T*
(consciousness. Lucid dreaming can therefore be initiated in two general \
ways: either from the dream )Tj
T*
(state, while the person is dreaming and consciousness is added; or when \
the person is conscious and )Tj
T*
(dreaming is added. In the second case, the initial state is waking consc\
iousness, while in the first case, )Tj
T*
(the initial state is ordinary, nonlucid dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The most common form of lucid dream initiation occurs when the dreamer r\
ealizes during a dream that )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(he or she is dreaming. This realization can either be gradual or relativ\
ely sudden. When it is gradual, the )Tj
T*
(realization sometimes shows two distinct phases. The lucid dream opening\
this chapter provides an )Tj
T*
(illustration of this two-part process. In another example, I had been ma\
gically manipulating part of my )Tj
T*
(dream environment when I had the thought that if I stepped through a doo\
r in front of me, )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(then )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(I would )Tj
T*
(become lucid, and that is exactly what happened. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(For the inexperienced dreamer, lucidity is perhaps most likely to arise \
from a nightmare or anxiety )Tj
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(dream. We have already seen a number of examples of anxiety-initiated lu\
cid dreams. Other intense )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(emotions like embarrassment or delight are also commonly associated with\
the initiation of lucidity. But )Tj
T*
(for most dreamers, the recognition of anomaly\227inconsistency or bizarr\
eness\227is the factor most )Tj
T*
(frequently leading to consciousness in dreams. In most cases, anomalous \
dream content is not fully )Tj
T*
(recognized as such by the dreamer. Depending upon the degree to which re\
ality is tested, the dreamer )Tj
T*
(will attain a varying degree of lucidity. Oliver Fox believed critical t\
hinking to be the key to lucid )Tj
T*
(dreaming, and provided an unexcelled account of the progressive degrees \
of reality testing and )Tj
T*
(increasing perception of anomaly: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(Let us suppose, for example, that in my dream I am in a cafe. At a table\
near mine is a )Tj
T*
(lady who would be very attractive\227only, she has four eyes. Here are s\
ome illustrations of )Tj
T*
(those degrees of activity of the critical faculty. )Tj
1.60715 -2.55714 Td
(1. In the dream it is practically dormant, but on waking I have the fee\
ling that there )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(was something peculiar about this lady. Suddenly I get it\227"Why, of co\
urse, she )Tj
T*
(had four eyes!" )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(2. In the dream I exhibit mild surprise and say, "How curious, that gir\
l has four eyes! )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(It spoils her." But only in the same way that I might remark, "What a pi\
ty she has )Tj
T*
(broken her nose! I wonder how she did it." )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(3. The critical faculty is more awake and the four eyes are regarded as\
abnormal; but )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(the phenomenon is not fully appreciated. I exclaim "Good Lord!" and then\
reassure )Tj
T*
(myself by adding, "There must be a freak show or a circus in the town." \
Thus I )Tj
T*
(hover on the brink of realization, but do not quite get there. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(4. My critical faculty is now fully awake and fully refuses to be satis\
fied by this )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(explanation. I continue my train of thought, "But there never was such a\
freak! An )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(adult with four eyes\227it's )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(impossible. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(I am dreaming.")Tj
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( )Tj
-28.04257 -2.55714 Td
(Frequently a dreamer for whom the question of a situation's reality aris\
es will decide that he or she is in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(fact awake and )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(not )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(dreaming. A dream in which the dreamer has at some point raised this que\
stion, )Tj
T*
(without arriving at the correct conclusion, is commonly termed "pre-luci\
d." These pre-lucid dreams are )Tj
T*
(generally the result of partial or inadequate reality testing, such as F\
ox's third stage. Dreamers who )Tj
T*
(suspect they are dreaming may test their state in a variety of ways. How\
ever, few of these tests are )Tj
T*
(reliably effective in distinguishing dreaming from waking. For example, \
pre-lucid dreamers too often )Tj
T*
(conclude that they couldn't be dreaming because everything seems so soli\
d and vividly real. Or they may )Tj
T*
(pinch themselves, according to the classical test. This most often has t\
he result not of awakening the )Tj
T*
(dreamer, but merely producing the convincing sensation of a pinch! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(A better test used by many lucid dreamers seems to be trying to fly. I f\
ind this method most effective in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the form of attempting merely to prolong a hop into the air. However, th\
e most reliable test, in my )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(experience, is the following: I find some writing and read it \(if I can\
!\) once, look away, and reread it, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(checking to see if it stays the same; in all my lucid dreams, writing ha\
s yet to do so. Dreams are more )Tj
T*
(readily distinguishable from waking perceptions on the basis of their in\
stability rather than their )Tj
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/T1_0 1 Tf
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(vividness. But the last word on reality testing has been suggested by Ch\
arles McCreery, who points out )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(that while awake we never doubt whether we are awake or not. Therefore, \
if you wonder whether or not )Tj
T*
(you are dreaming, you probably are! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(With experience, the perception of anomaly can lead directly to lucidity\
, without further explicit reality )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(testing. In my case, when a bizarre event takes place, I no longer ask "\
Am I dreaming?" I simply directly )Tj
T*
(realize that I am, as the following dream illustrates: )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(I was walking down a familiar street when I noticed what at first I took\
for a majestic new church. On )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(closer examination, I realized this imposing structure was in fact a mag\
nificent mosque. I reflected that )Tj
T*
(as I had been on this very street only a week ago, there was only one wa\
y I could have missed such an )Tj
T*
(impressive sight: I must be dreaming! As I approached this wonder with a\
mixture of curiosity and awe, )Tj
T*
(its huge rose window blasted forth the theme from )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Close Encounters of the Third Kind )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(in organ tones )Tj
T*
(that shook the street beneath my feet. I was thrilled with the "realizat\
ion" that I was in fact in the )Tj
T*
(presence of a spaceship in disguise. Still fully lucid and with great ex\
citement \(though not entirely )Tj
T*
(without trepidation\), I mounted the steps and stepped into brilliant li\
ght pouring through the open door. )Tj
T*
(What happened next I cannot say, for when I awoke, all my attempts to re\
trieve the memory of this )Tj
T*
(vision failed completely. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0 -2.55714 TD
(Memory )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(can sometimes play an important role in the initiation of lucidity. Luci\
d dreamers sometimes )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(realize they are dreaming as a seeming result of )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
("d\351j\340 r\352v\351")Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\227an actual or apparent recollection that they )Tj
T*
(have had a similar dream before. This is illustrated by another of my ow\
n experiences: I was walking )Tj
T*
(with M. when I recognized we were in a place I had dreamed of before\227\
"the museum of uninvented )Tj
T*
(inventions"\227and that this, therefore, was a dream. I thought how M. w\
ould like to have lucid dreams, )Tj
T*
(but I knew that this "M." was a dream character, not my actual friend. N\
evertheless, I suggested to him )Tj
T*
(that even though he was only a dream character, perhaps he could realize\
that he was dreaming. Perhaps )Tj
T*
(he did, for )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(I )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(woke up! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Closely related are lucid dreams in which the dreamer realizes he or she\
is dreaming by means of a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(particular )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(memory cue. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(In a dozen lucid dreams, I realized I was dreaming by noticing that my c\
ontact )Tj
T*
(lenses seemed to be multiplying. After a non-lucid dream in which this m\
ultiplication had occurred, I )Tj
T*
(reflected that I should have realized thereby that I was dreaming. Short\
ly thereafter, the imagery )Tj
T*
(recurred and I said to myself, "If this were a dream, it would be a drea\
m!" After a double take, I realized )Tj
T*
(the implication of this and became lucid. In subsequent similar dreams\227\
during that moment before the )Tj
T*
(full realization I was dreaming\227I have reflected, variously: "Too bad\
this isn't a dream, in which case it )Tj
T*
(would be a dream"; "This proves this can happen in waking life as well a\
s in dreaming"; and, quoting )Tj
T*
(myself in jest, "If this were a dream, it would be a dream." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In most of my other lucid dreams, by the time I explicitly realize I am \
dreaming, I already seem to be )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(implicitly aware of my state. But during the dreams in which lucidity is\
stimulated by a memory cue, I )Tj
T*
(ordinarily haven't the slightest suspicion that I'm dreaming. So when I \
am compelled, by logic, to )Tj
T*
(conclude that I )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(must )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(be dreaming, I am completely astonished. Readers can imagine my state by\
)Tj
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(considering the shock and amazement they would feel if they were to disc\
over, while reading this )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(sentence, absolutely certain proof that they are dreaming )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(now!)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
( )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0 -2.55714 TD
(Self-reflection )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(during dreams frequently leads to lucidity in experienced lucid dreamers\
. In my own case, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(I usually observe that I have been exhibiting wishful thinking, engaging\
in magic or "dream )Tj
T*
(composition," and realize I must be dreaming. In one case I would have b\
een dead had I not been )Tj
T*
(dreaming as I drove my car too fast down a street that had a tanker truc\
k blocking it. However, I was )Tj
T*
(magically able to avoid the collision, and because I recalled other revi\
sions of reality I had been doing, I )Tj
T*
(realized that I must be dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The most common dream symbol involved in the initiation of lucidity seem\
s to be light. Light is a very )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(natural symbol for consciousness. Karl Scherner, one of the nineteenth c\
entury's three great pioneers of )Tj
T*
(dream research wrote in 1861: "Light in dreams is the expression of clea\
r thinking and of sharpness of )Tj
T*
(will." Scott Sparrow gives several examples of lucid dreams apparently i\
nitiated by the appearance of )Tj
T*
(light. In one he reported that while he was sitting outdoors composing a\
speech, he looked up at the )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(eastern sky and saw "a large orb of white light many times the size of t\
he moon.")Tj
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( At this he realized he )Tj
-33.16429 -1.2 Td
(was dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The form of initiation of some lucid dreams is difficult to classify. Th\
e following, for example, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(combines elements of both anomaly and symbolic representation: "In my dr\
eam I was crossing a large )Tj
T*
(room, in which several people were gathered, when I saw a pure white dov\
e fly down obliquely and )Tj
T*
(alight on my forehead. Immediately I found myself in a state of consciou\
s projection [lucidity] and )Tj
T*
(profited by the occasion to go and visit some friends." The dreamer was \
especially impressed by the )Tj
T*
(sudden initiation of lucidity, adding that "as soon as the dove had touc\
hed me, the transformation was )Tj
T*
(instantaneous. As if under a magic spell I suddenly became as clear-head\
ed as in the best moments of )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(my physical life.")Tj
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0 0 1 rg
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(21)Tj
0 0 0 rg
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( )Tj
-7.81628 -2.55714 Td
(Five years ago I had an interesting experience that may clarify the noti\
on of symbolic stimulation of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lucidity. A friend and I were riding a train alongside "the Ocean." I wa\
s carelessly leaning out the )Tj
T*
(window taking in the sights, when the beautiful dark intensity of the se\
a moved me to admire it aloud. )Tj
T*
(Just then, some sort of falcon or hawk landed on a nearby branch, and wi\
thout thinking I immediately )Tj
T*
(extended my hand in its direction. To my delight and surprise, the bird \
alighted on my outstretched )Tj
T*
(hand, and I immediately remembered a )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Sufi )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(saying: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(When a bird will land in your outstretched hand,)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
T*
(Then )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(you will understand. )Tj
-2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(Remarkably enough, I )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(did )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(understand at once\227that I was dreaming! As for my friend and the bird\
, they )Tj
T*
(left the story, for the dream faded. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Since I have been using memory as a lucid-dream induction technique \(se\
e "MILD," Chapter 6\), I have )Tj
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(had increasingly frequent instances in which I became lucid without anyt\
hing unusual in my dream )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(content. In these I simply )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(remember )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(that I'm dreaming: "Oh yes! This is a dream!" One morning, as a )Tj
T*
(result of practicing MILD, I had lucid dreams of this kind in each of th\
ree successive REM periods. )Tj
T*
(Here is the relevant section of the third: I was in bed looking at a pic\
ture book entitled something like )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
T*
(Russian Dance and Magic. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(As in the preceding two dreams, I suddenly simply )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(remembered )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(that I was )Tj
T*
(now doing what I wanted to remember to recognize: dreaming. We have seen\
examples of three major )Tj
T*
(ways that dreamers recognize they are dreaming: perception of inconsiste\
ncies, emotional arousal, and a )Tj
T*
(sort of direct realization of the dream-like nature of the experience. T\
hese are the main triggers of )Tj
T*
(consciousness during the dream state. But dream consciousness can also b\
e initiated from the waking )Tj
T*
(state. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(It is possible to maintain continuous reflective consciousness while fal\
ling asleep, and hence to enter a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lucid dream directly from the waking state. This form of initiation is r\
elatively rare, for me, under )Tj
T*
(ordinary conditions, accounting for about eight percent of my total samp\
le of lucid dreams. But in )Tj
T*
(circumstances of greatly increased motivation\227characteristic of the n\
ights I spent in the sleep lab\227my )Tj
T*
(proportion of lucid dreams initiated from the waking state increased fiv\
e-fold, suggesting that this form )Tj
T*
(of initiation is a skill that improves with motivation and practice. In \
fact, its cultivation has been )Tj
T*
(described by Tibetan yogis, by the American psychiatrist Nathan Rapport,\
by the Russian philosopher )Tj
T*
(Ouspensky, and\227as the reader will discover in Chapter 6\227by the aut\
hor of this book. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In my typical induction of this sort, I am lying in bed in the early mor\
ning or afternoon after awakening )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(from a dream; hypnogogic \(sleep onset\) imagery sometimes appears, and \
then suddenly I find myself )Tj
T*
(fully in the dream scene, and lucid. Once I am in the dream state, this \
lucid dream continues exactly like )Tj
T*
(the others. The following account is one of Ouspensky's lucid dreams ini\
tiated from the waking state: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(I am falling asleep. Golden dots, sparks and tiny stars appear and disap\
pear before my )Tj
T*
(eyes. ... From the first moment to the last I observed how pictures appe\
ared and how they )Tj
T*
(were transformed into a net with regular meshes. Then the golden net was\
transformed )Tj
T*
(into the helmets of the Roman soldiers. The pulsation which I heard was \
transformed into )Tj
T*
(the measured tread of the marching detachment. The sensation of this pul\
sation means the )Tj
T*
(relaxation of many small muscles, which in its turn produces a sensation\
of slight )Tj
T*
(giddiness. This sensation of slight giddiness was immediately manifested\
in my seeing the )Tj
T*
(soldiers, while lying on the window-sill of a )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(high )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(house and looking down; and when this )Tj
T*
(giddiness increased a little, I rose from the window and flew over the g\
ulf. This at once )Tj
T*
(brought with it by association the sensation of the sea, the wind and th\
e sun, and if I had )Tj
T*
(not awakened, probably at the next moment of the dream I should have see\
n myself in the )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(open sea, on a ship, and so on.)Tj
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( )Tj
-15.73643 -2.55714 Td
(This method of initiating lucid dreams combines both self-reflection and\
memory. To observe )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(successfully that dream images )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(are )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(images requires a balance between participation and detachment. )Tj
T*
(Methods for cultivating this mode of lucid dream initiation are also des\
cribed in Chapter 6. Now, having )Tj
T*
(seen how lucid dreams are initiated, let us turn to how they typically e\
nd. )Tj
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(Termination of the Dream State )Tj
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14 0 0 14 10 705.24249 Tm
(Since the lucid dream is a compound of lucidity and the dream state, and\
there are in principle two )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(modes of initiating it, there are also two general possibilities for ter\
minating it: either lucidity is lost )Tj
T*
(while the dream continues, or the dream ends with an awakening. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The first mode is probably the more common one for less-experienced luci\
d dreamers. Neophytes are )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(more likely to lose their lucidity once they have gained it. Scott Sparr\
ow remarks that "as lucid dreams )Tj
T*
(begin to occur within the life of an individual, they are likely to be r\
are and short-lived." Accordingly, )Tj
T*
(after having become at least momentarily lucid, the inexperienced dreame\
r will frequently become )Tj
T*
(reabsorbed by the dream, forgetting that it is a dream and continuing to\
dream non-lucidly. Forgetfulness )Tj
T*
(can be countered by repeating to oneself: "This is a dream." Later, howe\
ver, such talk is unnecessary. In )Tj
T*
(my own case, lucidity was lost in about twenty percent of the lucid drea\
ms I recorded \(and thus )Tj
T*
(remembered\) during the first year of my study; it was lost in one perce\
nt or less during the subsequent )Tj
T*
(years. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(For experienced lucid dreamers, termination of lucidity by awakening is \
more common than the loss of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lucidity characteristic of beginners. Ordinarily there is a high degree \
of continuity of consciousness )Tj
T*
(during this transition from dreaming to waking. In contrast, there is us\
ually momentary confusion when )Tj
T*
(we wake from a non-lucid dream, as we make the transition from the non-l\
ucid dream ego to the waking )Tj
T*
(ego. But when we wake from a lucid dream there is no such transition, si\
nce the lucid dreaming ego is )Tj
T*
(identical to the waking ego. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(There are two other possible ways in which lucid dreams can come to an e\
nd. One possibility is that the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lucid dreamer might enter non-REM sleep and cease dreaming. Typically, i\
f awakened at this point, the )Tj
T*
(dreamer would recall nothing. In the other case in which lucidity is los\
t, the person )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(dreams )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(that he or she )Tj
T*
(has awakened. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The latter dreams are usually called "false awakenings" and are very com\
monly reported adjuncts of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lucid dreams. Sometimes false awakenings occur repeatedly, with the luci\
d dreamer seeming to awake )Tj
T*
(again and again only to discover each time that he or she is still dream\
ing. In some cases, lucid dreamers )Tj
T*
(have reported enduring literally dozens of false awakenings before final\
ly waking up "for real." Here is )Tj
T*
(an example of one of Delage's \(see Chapter 2\) multiple false awakening\
s: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(One night, I was woken by urgent knocking at the door of my room. I got \
up and asked: )Tj
T*
('Who is there?' 'Monsieur,' came the answer in the voice of Marty \(the \
laboratory )Tj
T*
(caretaker\), 'it is Madame H____ \(someone who was really living in the \
town at that time )Tj
T*
(and was among my acquaintances\), 'who is asking for you to come immedia\
tely to her )Tj
T*
(house to see Mademoiselle P____' \(someone who was really part of Madame\
H's )Tj
T*
(household and who was also known to me\), 'who has suddenly fallen ill.'\
)Tj
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('Just give me time to dress,' I said, 'and I will run.' I dressed hurrie\
dly, but before going )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(out I went into my dressing-room to wipe my face with a damp sponge. The\
sensation of )Tj
T*
(cold water woke me and I realized that I had dreamt all the foregoing ev\
ents and that no )Tj
T*
(one had come to ask for me. So I went back to sleep. But a little later,\
the same knocking )Tj
T*
(came again at my door. 'What, Monsieur, aren't you coming then?' )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
('Good heavens! So it is really true, I thought I had dreamt it.' )Tj
T*
('Not at all. Hurry up. They are all waiting for you.' )Tj
T*
('All right, I will run.' Again I dressed myself, again in my dressing-ro\
om I wiped my face )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(with cold water, and again the sensation of cold water woke me and made \
me understand )Tj
T*
(that I had been deceived by a repetition of my dream. I went back to bed\
and went to sleep )Tj
T*
(again. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The same scene re-enacted itself almost identically twice more. )Tj
-2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(When Delage "really" awoke the next morning, he could see the "whole ser\
ies of actions, reasonings and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(thoughts had been nothing but a dream repeated four times in succession \
with no break in my sleep and )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(without my having stirred from my bed.")Tj
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( )Tj
-17.14929 -2.55714 Td
(Although false awakenings are also reported following non-lucid dreams, \
they appear to be more often )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(associated with lucid dreams, probably because only in these does the qu\
estion of being awake or asleep )Tj
T*
(normally arise. Moreover, false awakenings seem to occur more frequently\
in experienced lucid )Tj
T*
(dreamers than in inexperienced ones. \(I had them in about fifteen perce\
nt of my first year's record, and )Tj
T*
(in about a third of my lucid dreams in the next five years.\) The differ\
ence is probably accounted for by )Tj
T*
(the fact that the more lucid dreams you have had, the more you associate\
waking up with the lucid )Tj
T*
(dream fading, and thus more strongly expect to awaken when a dream fades\
. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Very occasionally, a dreamer may recognize a false awakening as a dream.\
However, this is often )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(difficult because the dreamer )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(already )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(believes himself to be awake and never thinks to question the )Tj
T*
(assumption. During my earlier lucid dream experiences, I had about forty\
false awakenings without )Tj
T*
(recognizing them as dreams. Considering how bizarre some of these dreams\
were, I began to feel rather )Tj
T*
(embarrassed about constantly fooling myself with them! Finally my self-e\
steem required me to attempt )Tj
T*
(to master these false awakenings, and with surprisingly little effort I \
succeeded, discovering that it was )Tj
T*
(my expectation of waking up that was deluding me. All I had to do was ch\
ange my expectation of what )Tj
T*
(was going to happen at the apparent end of a lucid dream. Simply by expe\
cting a "false" rather than an )Tj
T*
(actual awakening, I was able to maintain lucidity during most subsequent\
dreams. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
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(The Spinning Technique )Tj
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(Lucid Dreaming)Tj
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(I have recently developed a technique for preventing awakening and produ\
cing new lucid dream scenes )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(at will. I had been concerned with the problem that the discovery of luc\
idity often leads to immediate )Tj
T*
(awakening, cutting short what otherwise might be a rewarding lucid dream\
. Since dream actions have )Tj
T*
(corresponding physical effects, I reasoned that relaxing my dream body m\
ight inhibit awakening by )Tj
T*
(lowering muscle tension in my physical body. The next time I was dreamin\
g lucidly, I tested the idea. )Tj
T*
(As the dream began to fade, I relaxed completely, dropping to the dream \
floor. However, contrary to my )Tj
T*
(intention, I seemed to awaken. But as I discovered a few minutes later, \
it had actually been a false )Tj
T*
(awakening. Further lucid dream experiments repeating the procedure confi\
rmed this effect, and )Tj
T*
(suggested that the essential element was apparently not the attempted re\
laxation but the sensation of )Tj
T*
(movement. In subsequent lucid dreams, I tested a variety of dream moveme\
nts and found both falling )Tj
T*
(backward and spinning to be especially effective in producing lucid drea\
ms of awakening. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The technique is very simple. As soon as my vision begins to fade in the\
lucid dream, I either fall )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(backward or spin like a top \(with my dream body, of course!\). For the \
method to work, it is important to )Tj
T*
(experience a vivid sense of movement. Usually this procedure generates a\
new dream scene, which often )Tj
T*
(represents the bedroom I am sleeping in. By repeatedly reminding myself \
that I'm dreaming during this )Tj
T*
(transition, I can continue dreaming lucidly in the new scene. Without th\
is special effort of attention, I )Tj
T*
(will usually mistake the new dream for an actual awakening\227and this i\
n spite of frequent manifest )Tj
T*
(absurdities of dream content! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The method is quite effective. Out of the one hundred lucid dreams in th\
e last six months of the three )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(year record reported in my doctoral dissertation, I used this technique \
forty percent of the time, and new )Tj
T*
(dreams were generated in eighty-five percent of these cases. Lucid consc\
iousness was retained in ninety-)Tj
T*
(seven percent of the new dreams. When spinning led to another dream, the\
new dream scene almost )Tj
T*
(always closely resembled the bed I was sleeping in, or some other bedroo\
m. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The experience of other lucid dreamers who have employed this method was\
very similar to mine, but )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(suggests that the new lucid dream need not necessarily be a bedroom scen\
e. One of these lucid dreamers, )Tj
T*
(for instance, found herself arriving at a dream scene other than her bed\
room in five out of the eleven )Tj
T*
(times she used the spinning method. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(These results suggest that spinning could be used to produce transitions\
to any dream scene the lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreamer )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(expects. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(In my own case, it appears that my almost exclusive production of bedroo\
m dreams )Tj
T*
(may be an accident of the circumstances in which I discovered the techni\
que. Upon occasion I have )Tj
T*
(tried, with very little success, to produce transitions to other dream s\
cenes with this method. But )Tj
T*
(although I definitely )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(intended )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(to arrive elsewhere than my dream bedroom, I cannot say that I fully )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
T*
(expected )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(to. Although I believe I will someday be able to unlearn this accidental\
association \(if that's )Tj
T*
(what it is\), I am meanwhile impressed by the power of expectation to de\
termine what happens in my )Tj
T*
(lucid dreams. Verily\227in dreams, at least\227 faith can move mountains\
! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Why should the hallucinated movement of spinning have any effect upon dr\
eaming? There may be a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(neurophysiological explanation. Information about head and body movement\
, as monitored by the )Tj
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(vestibular apparatus of the inner ear \(which helps you to keep your bal\
ance\) is closely integrated by the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(brain with visual information in order to produce an optimally stable pi\
cture of the world\227so that, for )Tj
T*
(instance, you know the world has not moved when you tilt your head. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Since the sensations of movement during dream spinning are as completely\
vivid as those during actual )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(movements, it is very likely that the same brain systems are being activ\
ated to a similar degree in the )Tj
T*
(two cases. An intriguing possibility is that the spinning technique stim\
ulates the vestibular system of the )Tj
T*
(brain, and thereby facilitates the activity of the nearby components of \
the REM-sleep system. Since )Tj
T*
(neuroscientists have obtained indirect evidence for the involvement of t\
he vestibular system in the )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(production of rapid-eye-movement bursts in REM sleep,)Tj
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( the proposed connection is not entirely )Tj
-23.3503 -1.2 Td
(without foundation. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(On the other side of the psychophysiological coin, Barbara Lerner has em\
phasized the importance of )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(movement during dreaming to maintain the integrity of the body image.)Tj
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(25)Tj
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( If movement is a )Tj
-29.4623 -1.2 Td
(psychological function of dreaming, as Lerner suggests, there ought to b\
e a mechanism connecting such )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(imagery with the physiology of REM sleep. Moreover, since imagery of one\
particular sense decreases )Tj
T*
(sensitivity to external stimulation of the same sense, hallucinated move\
ment ought to suppress actual )Tj
T*
(body sensation, and hence help prevent awakening. If the brain is fully \
engaged in producing the vivid, )Tj
T*
(internally generated sensory experience of spinning, it will be more dif\
ficult for it to construct a )Tj
T*
(contradictory sensation based on external sensory input. This is an exam\
ple of what is called "loading )Tj
T*
(stabilization" of a system. Charles Tart described this with an analogy:\
"If you want someone to be a )Tj
T*
(good citizen you keep him busy with the activities that constitute being\
a good citizen, so he has no time )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(or energy for anything else.")Tj
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(26)Tj
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( In these terms, "being a good citizen" means continuing to dream, and t\
he )Tj
-12.14729 -1.2 Td
("activities" mean dream spinning. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Another technique\227less effective than spinning\227works on the same p\
rinciple, by focusing attention on )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(something in the dream. Moers-Messmer described, in 1938, the technique \
of looking at the ground to )Tj
T*
(stabilize his lucid dreams, and several others have apparently discovere\
d this technique independently )Tj
T*
(since then, including Scott Sparrow and Carlos Castaneda. "Don Juan's" v\
ariation on the theme was, of )Tj
T*
(course, the famous technique of looking at one's hand. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Another way to prevent awakening or loss of lucidity is to stabilize the\
state of consciousness through )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
("positive feedback." In Tart's analogy, this is rewarding the citizen fo\
r carrying out whatever activities )Tj
T*
(are considered desirable. Several methods proposed for stabilizing the l\
ucid dream state appear to fall )Tj
T*
(under this classification. For example, there is the suggestion of using\
an affirmation that constantly )Tj
T*
(reminds you of the dream state \(repeating "This is a dream, this is a d\
ream," and so on\). Another idea is )Tj
T*
(to "go with the flow" of the dream, not attempting to alter the drift of\
dream events. My spinning )Tj
T*
(technique also involves positive feedback, if the neurophysiological exp\
lanation I gave above is correct. )Tj
T*
(If dream spinning results in brain-stem facilitation of REM sleep, then \
we have a case of dream activity)Tj
T*
(\227spinning\227resulting in more dream activity. )Tj
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(A third way of stabilizing a state of consciousness\227in this case, a l\
ucid dream\227is called "limiting )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(stabilization," and is described by Tart as limiting the citizen's oppor\
tunities for engaging in undesirable )Tj
T*
(activities. In the context of lucid dreaming, "undesirable activities" a\
re awakening or losing lucidity. A )Tj
T*
(number of methods that have been proposed for stabilizing lucid dreams p\
robably have limiting )Tj
T*
(stabilization as their basis. Some people have recommended exercising, t\
o obtain deeper sleep, and )Tj
T*
(eating well and avoiding indigestion. Others have suggested using earplu\
gs, or sleeping alone. It is )Tj
T*
(universally recommended that you avoid emotional conflict and do not get\
too excited in your lucid )Tj
T*
(dreams. Finally, lucid dreamers have been advised not to "daydream" or t\
hink too much during the )Tj
T*
(dream and not to lose themselves in the dream. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 161.94 581.64575 Tm
(A Coherent Knowledge of Sleep Life? )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 545.39093 Tm
(We have so far considered some of the wide variety of forms taken by luc\
id dreaming. However, what )Tj
T*
(we have seen so far may represent only the tip of the iceberg: lucid dre\
aming may be capable of a far )Tj
T*
(greater degree of development than has yet been seen in Western psycholo\
gy. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The claim is often made by yogis and other specialists in "inner states"\
that they are able to retain )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(consciousness throughout the entire night, including during dreamless sl\
eep. Wrote a twentieth-century )Tj
T*
(Indian master, Sri Aurobindo Ghose, "... it is even possible to become w\
holly conscious in sleep and )Tj
T*
(follow throughout from beginning to end or over large stretches the stag\
es of our dream-experience; it is )Tj
T*
(found that then we are aware of ourselves passing from state after state\
of consciousness to a brief )Tj
T*
(period of luminous and peaceful dreamless rest, which is the true restor\
er of the energies of the waking )Tj
T*
(nature, and then returning by the same way to the waking consciousness. \
It is normal, as we thus pass )Tj
T*
(from state to state, to let the previous experiences slip away from us; \
in their turn only the more vivid or )Tj
T*
(those nearest to the waking surface are remembered: but this can be reme\
died\227a greater retention is )Tj
T*
(possible or the power can be developed of going back in memory from drea\
m to dream, from state to )Tj
T*
(state, till the whole is once more before us. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(A coherent knowledge of sleep-life, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(though difficult to )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(achieve or to keep established, )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(is possible )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
([my italics].")Tj
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(27)Tj
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( )Tj
-22.89729 -2.55714 Td
(This is a very exciting possibility that would\227if proven true\227have\
profound implications for the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(scientific study of sleep, dreaming, and consciousness. As for the proof\
, it remains only for such a )Tj
T*
(wakeful sleeper to spend a night in a sleep laboratory! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The problem with claims of continuous awareness during sleep is that we \
cannot be conscious of being )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(unconscious. The moments or hours we pass unconsciously are forever veil\
ed in oblivion. Not only do )Tj
T*
(we fail to remember them, but we also forget that we forgot them! The fa\
ct is, we are normally fully )Tj
T*
(conscious of our selves and our actions only for brief moments, even whi\
le being what we call "awake." )Tj
T*
(But in spite of the fact that we are only occasionally conscious of our \
selves, we experience ourselves as )Tj
T*
(being continuously present. This is because our minds operate in such a \
fashion as to construct )Tj
T*
(coherence and continuity out of our experiences. Thus we gloss over the \
blank spots in our )Tj
T*
(consciousness. Since the first thing we remember when emerging from unco\
nsciousness or sleep is the )Tj
T*
(last thing we were conscious of, we may mistakenly assume that our consc\
iousness was never lost. )Tj
ET
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/Artifact <>BDC
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9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
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(In spite of these reservations, I see no reason in principle why a highe\
r development of the human mind )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(could not result in a continuity of consciousness throughout sleep, as d\
escribed by Aurobindo. Such an )Tj
T*
(advanced level of consciousness would only reveal itself after an extens\
ive course of mental discipline. )Tj
T*
(But we may well be able to learn to dream with degrees of lucidity and c\
ontrol as yet undreamt of. )Tj
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(6 )Tj
-5.75101 -2.18016 Td
(Learning Lucid Dreaming)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 50 533.11938 Tm
(The vast majority of people have enormous potentialities of thinking, fa\
r beyond anything )Tj
T*
(ordinarily suspected; but so seldom do the right circumstances by chance\
surround them )Tj
T*
(to require their actualization that the vast majority die without realiz\
ing more than a )Tj
T*
(fraction of their powers. Born millionaires, they live and die in povert\
y for the lack of )Tj
T*
(favourable circumstances which would have compelled them to convert thei\
r credit into )Tj
T*
(cash.)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
( )Tj
33.59557 -2.55714 Td
(A. R. ORAGE)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 234.64038 375.38959 Tm
(Learning to Dream )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 339.1348 Tm
(Just as we ordinarily take for granted that we know how to think, we may\
also presume that we know )Tj
T*
(how to dream. But there are vast differences in the degree to which thes\
e two faculties are developed in )Tj
T*
(different people. What the above quote says about thinking applies, I be\
lieve, just as much to dreaming. )Tj
T*
(We possess undeveloped, undreamed-of capacities. Like conscious thought,\
lucid dreaming is an ability )Tj
T*
(that can be gained or improved by training. This chapter outlines the ki\
nd of training required, and in so )Tj
T*
(doing provides you with the key to lucid dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In order to recognize that you are dreaming, you need first of all to ha\
ve a concept of what dreaming is. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(What happens when you "realize you are dreaming" will depend upon what y\
ou understand "dreaming" )Tj
T*
(to be. To illustrate this point, let us look at the typical developmenta\
l stages children pass through in )Tj
T*
(acquiring a concept of dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(According to the celebrated developmental psychologist Jean Piaget, chil\
dren pass through three stages )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(of understanding of dreams. In the first stage, attained between ages th\
ree and four, children do not )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(distinguish dreams from waking life; thus a child believes that dreaming\
takes place in the same )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(\(external\) world as the rest of his or her experiences. At this age, a\
child might awake in terror from a )Tj
T*
(nightmare and believe that dream "monsters" are in the room. Parents' as\
surances that it was "just a )Tj
T*
(dream" are not greatly effective at this stage. The child needs to be sh\
own that, say, the closet is actually )Tj
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(empty. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Between the ages of approximately four and six\227and after sufficient e\
xperiences with awakening from )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreams that are denied reality by parental figures\227children modify th\
eir concept of dreaming. Now they )Tj
T*
(know that what was happening was "just a dream." However, they don't kno\
w exactly what "just a )Tj
T*
(dream" is. A child treats dreams, at this stage, as if they were partial\
ly external and partially internal. He )Tj
T*
(or she might reply, for instance, if asked where dreams come from, "My h\
ead." But when asked where )Tj
T*
(dreams take place, the same child might say, "In my bedroom." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Somewhere between the ages of five and eight, this transitional stage gi\
ves way to the third stage, in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(which the child recognizes the dream as entirely internal in nature. The\
child now considers dreams to )Tj
T*
(take place )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(only )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(in his or her head. In other words, they are now conceived of as purely \
mental )Tj
T*
(experiences. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(These developmental stages refer, of course, to how the child views the \
dream )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(after )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(waking up. While )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(asleep and dreaming, children and adults alike tend to remain at the fir\
st stage, implicitly assuming that )Tj
T*
(dream events are external reality. This is the dominant assumption of or\
dinary, non-lucid dreams. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(People not uncommonly have the experience, in dreams, of seeming to have\
temporarily separated from )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(their physical bodies. These "out-of-body experiences" with their somewh\
at contradictory mixture of the )Tj
T*
(mental and the material, may provide examples of the second developmenta\
l stage. In the typical )Tj
T*
(experience, you apparently find yourself in a sort of )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(mental )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(body floating around in what seems to be the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
T*
(physical )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(world. This is reminiscent of the mixed metaphysics regarding dreams dis\
played by children at )Tj
T*
(Piaget's second stage. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In a fully lucid dream, the dreamer reaches the third stage, realizing t\
hat the experience is entirely )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(mental and that the dream world is completely distinct from the physical\
world. To be lucid in this sense )Tj
T*
(presupposes that the dreamer has reached Piaget's third level and knows \
that dreams are only mental )Tj
T*
(experiences. Since this is attained by some children at age five, we sho\
uld expect that lucid dreams )Tj
T*
(might appear as early as that age; indeed, my first lucid dreams took pl\
ace at just that age, and many )Tj
T*
(lucid dreamers report their first experiences beginning between the ages\
of five and seven. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 195.59654 201.04573 Tm
(Potential for Lucid Dreaming )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 164.79094 Tm
(Can anyone learn to have lucid dreams? Does it take some special talent \
possessed by a gifted minority, )Tj
T*
(or is this remarkable ability merely one of the everyday miracles of the\
human brain? )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This question has the same answer as the question, "Who can learn to tal\
k?" Everyone attains as much )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(proficiency in his or her native tongue as is required for everyday spee\
ch; beyond that, the degree of )Tj
T*
(fluency depends upon motivation, practice, and innate ability. The degre\
e of language mastery exhibited )Tj
T*
(by great writers and poets far surpasses the level with which the ordina\
ry person is content, and what I )Tj
T*
(have said regarding this skill applies analogously to the skill of lucid\
dreaming. The Shakespeares of )Tj
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(Lucid Dreaming)Tj
ET
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(lucid dreaming are bound to be few, but why shouldn't everyone be able t\
o attain at least some )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(proficiency in the field? )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In my view there are two essential requirements for learning lucid dream\
ing: motivation and good dream )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(recall. The necessity of motivation is obvious enough: lucid dreaming, a\
fter all, demands considerable )Tj
T*
(control of attention, and hence we must be motivated to exert the necess\
ary effort. As for dream recall, if )Tj
T*
(A. M. Nesia recalls no dreams at all, and we assume one percent of the d\
reams he has forgotten are )Tj
T*
(lucid, how many lucid dreams does he recall? The answer, obviously, is n\
one\227since unless we )Tj
T*
(remember )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(some )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(dreams, how can we remember lucid ones? )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 254.82462 579.44574 Tm
(Dream Recall )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 543.19092 Tm
(In order to have a lucid dream and know about it when you awaken, of cou\
rse you have to remember )Tj
T*
(your dream. For one thing, the more frequently you remember dreams, and \
the clearer and more detailed )Tj
T*
(your pictures become, the more likely you are to remember lucid dreams. \
The more familiar you become )Tj
T*
(with what your own dreams are like, the easier you will find it to recog\
nize them )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(as dreams )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(while they )Tj
T*
(happen. Thus, if you want to learn to dream lucidly, you need first of a\
ll to learn to reliably recall your )Tj
T*
(dreams. \(Incidentally, there is probably a good reason why dreams are s\
o hard to remember: see Chapter )Tj
T*
(8.\) )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(One of the most important determinants of dream recall is motivation. Fo\
r the most part, those who want )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(to remember their dreams can do so, and those who do not want to do not.\
For many people, simply )Tj
T*
(having the intention to remember, reminding themselves of this intention\
just before bed, is enough. One )Tj
T*
(effective way to strengthen this resolve is to keep a dream journal besi\
de your bed and record whatever )Tj
T*
(you can remember of your dreams every time you wake up. As you record mo\
re dreams, you will )Tj
T*
(remember more dreams. Reading over your dream journal can provide an add\
ed benefit: the more )Tj
T*
(familiar you become with what your dreams are like, the easier it will b\
e for you to recognize one while )Tj
T*
(it is still happening and therefore to awaken in your dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(An infallible method for developing your ability to remember dreams is t\
o get in the habit of asking )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(yourself, every time you wake up, "What was I dreaming?" This must be yo\
ur first thought upon )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(awakening; otherwise, you will forget some or all of the dream due to in\
terference from other thoughts. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(You must not give up too quickly if nothing is recalled at first, but pe\
rsist patiently in the effort to )Tj
T*
(remember, without moving or thinking of anything else, and in most cases\
, pieces and fragments of the )Tj
T*
(dream will come to you. If you still cannot remember a dream, ask yourse\
lf what you were just thinking )Tj
T*
(and how you are feeling. Examining your thoughts and feelings in this wa\
y can often provide the )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(necessary cues for retrieving the entire dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In developing dream recall, as with any other skill, progress is sometim\
es slow. It is important not to be )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(discouraged if you do not succeed at first. Each of us masters the abili\
ty to recall our dreams at our own )Tj
T*
(rate. But virtually everyone who stays with it improves through practice\
. As the saying puts it, "If you )Tj
T*
(want to be a calligrapher, then write, and write, and write." If you wan\
t to be a dream recaller, then try )Tj
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(and try and try to remember. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 208.60846 716.04572 Tm
(Learning Lucid Dreaming )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 679.79089 Tm
(Let us suppose that you are capable of remembering your dreams often eno\
ugh to appreciate how rarely )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(you are lucid in them. Your occasional lucid dreams might be likened to \
finding money on the street\227a )Tj
T*
(rare, though nonetheless rewarding experience. Cultivating the skill of \
lucid dreaming corresponds, in )Tj
T*
(this analogy, to developing a gainful means of employment with which to \
earn the money. If this sounds )Tj
T*
(like work, it is; and it requires a certain amount of discipline at firs\
t, but it becomes easier\227even )Tj
T*
(effortless\227with practice. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Try to remember what learning to speak was like: it was simply impossibl\
e at first to do more than )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(babble. But with days after days and years after years of practice, you \
have now so mastered the skill )Tj
T*
(that you are able to talk without thinking. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Maybe you haven't yet said your first word in lucid dreaming, or maybe y\
ou've just said your first )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(sentence. Can you realistically expect someday to be an effortlessly flu\
ent lucid dreamer? That, I say, )Tj
T*
(depends on you. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(You may wonder whether it is possible to learn to dream lucidly at will.\
My own experience has shown )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 -1.2 TD
(me )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(that it is. That it took me two-and-a-half years is probably due to the \
fact that nobody taught me how. )Tj
T*
(Since I did not have a very clear idea at first of what I was doing, I w\
asted much of my time and effort. )Tj
T*
(With the induction method that I finally developed, I believe anyone who\
is motivated can be successful )Tj
T*
(in learning how to dream lucidly, and in a fraction of the time it took \
me. But before I describe this )Tj
T*
(method, I will first briefly summarize what has already been written on \
learning to dream lucidly. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Eastern religious and psychological writings contain a number of hints a\
nd suggested methods for lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreaming. As far as I know, the earliest recorded mention of lucid dream\
ing as a learnable skill is found )Tj
T*
(in the eighth-century Tibetan manuscript )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(The Yoga of the Dream State, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(which outlines several methods )Tj
T*
(for inducing lucid dreams. However, unless you are an advanced yogi, cap\
able of complex visualizations )Tj
T*
(of Sanskrit letters in many-petaled colored lotuses, most of the methods\
will not be of much use! )Tj
T*
(Besides, the book is really intended as a students' manual to supplement\
the oral teachings of a dream )Tj
T*
(master. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Only the first and most elementary exercise described in the manuscript \
is likely to be intelligible to )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(Westerners. The technique, called "comprehending it by the power of reso\
lution,")Tj
ET
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( involves two )Tj
-33.08315 -1.2 Td
(practices. First of all, during the day the novice is instructed to thin\
k continuously, that "all things are of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the substance of dreams." This practice makes use of the effect waking e\
xperiences have on the dreams )Tj
T*
(of subsequent nights. Moreover, we tend to dream about our current conce\
rns. The practice also helps to )Tj
T*
(remove one of the most effective barriers to lucidity: namely, that if w\
e never question the nature of our )Tj
T*
(experience during the waking state, why should we do so during the dream\
state? Thinking of waking )Tj
T*
(experience as dreaming will break the automatic habits with which we are\
used to seeing and thinking )Tj
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(about life. The mental flexibility that results from waking practice fac\
ilitates lucidity in the dream state. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The second technique, the "firm resolution" to "comprehend the dream sta\
te," is just as straightforward. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(During the night, before going to sleep, the student must invoke the aid\
of the guru and "firmly resolve" )Tj
T*
(to comprehend the dream state\227that is, to understand that it is not r\
eal, but a dream. Lucid dreaming )Tj
T*
(rarely occurs without our intending it, which means having the mental se\
t to recognize when we are )Tj
T*
(dreaming; thus, intention forms a part of any deliberate effort to induc\
e lucid dreams. And if the would-)Tj
T*
(be lucid dreamer is not initially successful in his or her efforts, the \
manuscript exhorts him or her to )Tj
T*
(make no fewer than twenty-one efforts each morning to "comprehend the na\
ture of the dream state." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(One aspect of this Tibetan technique would\227if essential\227severely l\
imit its application in the West. I )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(refer to the "prayer to the guru." It may be that the Tibetan disciple's\
complete trust in his or her guru )Tj
T*
(results in an expectation of success that becomes a self-fulfilling prop\
hecy. The Westerner who lacks )Tj
T*
(both guru and gods may thereby be deficient in the degree of confidence \
necessary for success. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(For the most part, modern Eastern methods for lucid dreaming are no less\
complex. Bhagwan Shree )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Rajneesh, an unworldly guru with sixty-two Rolls-Royces, describes three\
techniques that vary from the )Tj
T*
(incomprehensible to the almost impossible. The first is: "With intangibl\
e breath in center of forehead, as )Tj
T*
(this reaches heart at the moment of sleep, have direction over dreams," \
and if that is not enough\227"over )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(death itself.")Tj
ET
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( )Tj
-5.43114 -3.05347 Td
(The second method is to "remember 'I am'\227whatsoever you are doing.")Tj
ET
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( This is intelligible at least, and )Tj
-29.22214 -1.2 Td
(probably designed to strengthen self-consciousness and the observer's pe\
rspective. Remembering "I am" )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(is a technique designed to produce a state of mind called "self-remember\
ing" in esoteric psychology. )Tj
T*
("Self-remembering," wrote biochemist and esoteric psychologist Robert S.\
deRopp, "is a certain )Tj
T*
(separation of awareness from whatever a man happens to be doing, thinkin\
g, feeling. It is symbolized by )Tj
T*
(a two-headed arrow suggesting double awareness of self. There is actor a\
nd observer, there is an )Tj
T*
(objective awareness of self. There is a feeling of being outside of, sep\
arated from, the confines of the )Tj
T*
(physical body; there is a sense of detachment, a state of non-identifica\
tion. For identification and self-)Tj
T*
(remembering can no more exist together than a room can simultaneously be\
illuminated and dark. One )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(excludes the other.")Tj
ET
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(4)Tj
0 0 0 rg
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( This sounds so much like lucid dreaming that it is likely that the prac\
tice of self-)Tj
-8.29114 -1.2 Td
(remembering in the waking state encourages the occurrence of lucidity in\
the dream state. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Rajneesh's third method is simple enough if you happen to be the obsessi\
ve type. He advises the would-)Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(be lucid dreamer to "try to remember for three weeks continuously that w\
hatsoever you are doing is just )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(a dream.")Tj
ET
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68.914 135.12071 l
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(5)Tj
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( In my view, anyone who could remember anything at all for three weeks )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(continuously )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(ought )Tj
-4.20815 -1.2 Td
(to be able to do practically anything! For such a talented person, lucid\
dreaming should present little )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(difficulty. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Paul Tholey, a German psychologist, has recently described various techn\
iques for inducing lucid )Tj
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(dreams, derived from over a decade of research involving more than two h\
undred subjects.)Tj
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(6)Tj
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( According )Tj
-36.70914 -1.2 Td
(to Tholey, the most effective method for achieving lucidity is to develo\
p "a critical-reflective attitude" )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(toward your state of consciousness, by asking yourself whether or not yo\
u are dreaming while you are )Tj
T*
(awake. He stresses the importance of asking the critical question \("Am \
I dreaming or not?"\) as )Tj
T*
(frequently as possible, at least five to ten times a day, and in every s\
ituation that seems dreamlike. )Tj
T*
(Asking the question at bedtime and while falling asleep is also favorabl\
e. Following this technique, most )Tj
T*
(people will have their first lucid dream within a month, Tholey reports,\
and some will succeed on the )Tj
T*
(very first night. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Oliver Fox regarded a critical frame of mind as the key to lucid dreamin\
g \(as described in Chapter 5\), )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(and it is easy to see why asking the question "Am I dreaming or not?" ou\
ght to favor the occurrence of )Tj
T*
(lucid dreams. We most often dream about familiar activities from our wak\
ing life, and if we never ask )Tj
T*
(whether we are dreaming or not while awake, why should we do so while dr\
eaming? Or, to put it more )Tj
T*
(positively, the more often we critically question our state of conscious\
ness while awake, the more likely )Tj
T*
(we are to do so while dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(There are several modern methods aimed at the maintaining of consciousne\
ss during the transition from )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(waking to sleep\227such as the method used by Ouspensky and Rapport. Rap\
port described his technique )Tj
T*
(as follows: While lying in bed and drifting into sleep, he interrupted h\
is reveries every few minutes, )Tj
T*
(making an effort to recall what had been passing through his mind a mome\
nt earlier. With sufficient )Tj
T*
(practice, this habit of introspection continued into sleep, and he found\
himself in lucid dreams that )Tj
T*
(frequently inspired "raptures of delight." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(There are many variations on the technique of falling asleep while maint\
aining consciousness. For )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(example, a student of Tibetan Buddhism reports having been instructed to\
visualize an eight-petaled rose )Tj
T*
(with a white light in its center in his throat\227a technique supposed t\
o focus concentration with an )Tj
T*
(intensity that allows consciousness to persist into the dream state. Tar\
thang Tulku, a Tibetan lama )Tj
T*
(teaching in Berkeley, describes a similar procedure: After relaxing very\
deeply just before sleep, you are )Tj
T*
(to "visualize a beautiful, soft lotus flower in your throat. The lotus h\
as light-pink petals which curl )Tj
T*
(slightly inwards, and in the center of this lotus is a luminous red-oran\
ge flame which is light at the edges )Tj
T*
(shading to darker at the center. Looking very softly, concentrate on the\
top of the flame, and continue to )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(visualize it as long as possible.")Tj
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( )Tj
-13.09814 -2.55714 Td
(The flame, Tulku explains, represents awareness; the lotus, I may add, d\
enotes in Buddhist iconography )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the awakening consciousness of Self. While continuing the visualization,\
you are to watch how your )Tj
T*
(thoughts arise, observe their interaction with the image of the lotus, a\
nd see how they are connected with )Tj
T*
(the past, the present, and by projection, the future. You are to "just o\
bserve" whatever images come into )Tj
T*
(your mind, but continue to concentrate on the lotus image. Thus, "as lon\
g as the thread of the )Tj
T*
(visualization remains intact, it will carry over into the dream." Tartha\
ng Tulku cautions the practioner )Tj
T*
(against "trying to interpret or 'think about' your visualization." This,\
he warns, will break the thread and )Tj
T*
(your awareness will be lost. "So, be careful not to force your visualiza\
tion; just let it happen, but keep )Tj
T*
(your awareness on the lotus." Finally, you are to "let the form reflect \
into your awareness until your )Tj
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(awareness and the image become one." He explains that at first you will \
tend to pass into the dream state )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(forgetting that you are dreaming, but with practice your consciousness "\
will naturally develop until you )Tj
T*
(will be able to see that you are dreaming. When you watch very carefully\
, you will be able to see that )Tj
T*
(whole creation and evolution of the dream." )Tj
0 -3.05347 TD
(Tholey)Tj
ET
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(8)Tj
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( has described three similar techniques for retaining lucidity while fal\
ling asleep. The methods )Tj
-3.19014 -1.2 Td
(are based on the general procedure of falling asleep while maintaining i\
nner attentiveness, with )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(variations depending upon the object of attention. In the "image techniq\
ue," you focus on your )Tj
T*
(hypnagogic imagery, as Ouspensky, Rapport, and others suggest. Tholey re\
commends allowing yourself )Tj
T*
(to be passively carried into the dream scenery rather than attempting to\
enter it intentionally, which )Tj
T*
(tends to cause the dream to fade. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Tholey's second method, "body technique," is related to procedures aimin\
g at producing an OBE or )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
("astral projection" \(see Chapter 9\). While drifting into sleep, you si\
mply imagine that your body is )Tj
T*
(somewhere else, doing something other than lying in bed. If you find you\
rself vividly "elsewhere," you )Tj
T*
(will be lucid if you do not forget that it is a dream. Tholey's third me\
thod of lucid dream induction, "the )Tj
T*
(ego-point technique," involves concentrating, while you are falling asle\
ep, on the idea that you will soon )Tj
T*
(no longer perceive your body. As soon as you have fallen asleep, it is p\
ossible to float freely, as a point )Tj
T*
(of awareness, in "a space which seems to be identical with the room in w\
hich one went to sleep." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Five years ago, I developed a simple technique for maintaining conscious\
awareness during the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(transition from waking to sleep. The method is to count to yourself \("o\
ne, I'm dreaming; two, I'm )Tj
T*
(dreaming," and so on\) while drifting off to sleep, maintaining a certai\
n level of vigilance as you do so. )Tj
T*
(The result is that at some point\227say, "forty-eight, I'm dreaming"\227\
you will find that you )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(are )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(dreaming! )Tj
T*
(The "I'm dreaming" phrase helps to remind you of what you intend to do, \
but it is not strictly necessary. )Tj
T*
(Simply focusing your attention on counting probably allows you to retain\
sufficient alertness to )Tj
T*
(recognize dream images for what they are, when they appear. This and sim\
ilar techniques apparently )Tj
T*
(work best for people who tend to fall asleep rapidly, and frequently exp\
erience sleep-onset \(hypnagogic\) )Tj
T*
(dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(I gained the most information about this technique through tutoring one \
of our oneironauts in its )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(practice. Laurie C. regularly experiences vivid dreaming at sleep onset.\
Some of her sleep-onset dreams )Tj
T*
(are like the "snapshots" people typically think of as characteristic hyp\
nagogic imagery. Others seem )Tj
T*
(more like full-blown dream films, with her vividly felt presence and act\
ive participation in what are )Tj
T*
(sometimes quite extensive sequences of scenes. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Knowing that Ouspensky had been able to maintain awareness in the hypnag\
ogic state, I suggested to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Laurie that she too ought to be able to be lucid during sleep-onset drea\
ming. I helped her practice by )Tj
T*
(watching her fall asleep while she made the effort to retain consciousne\
ss. She would often fall asleep )Tj
T*
(within fifteen to thirty seconds, as I could tell by her rolling or rapi\
d eye movements and body twitches. )Tj
T*
(At that point, I would wake her with the question, "What was just happen\
ing?" She almost always )Tj
T*
(recalled a vivid dream scene, but rarely became lucid at the time. It se\
emed to me she needed a )Tj
ET
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(reminder. So I asked her to silently repeat the phrase "I'm dreaming" wh\
ile counting to herself as she fell )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(asleep. And it worked! She would be repeating "one, I'm dreaming; two, I\
'm dreaming; ... forty-four, I'm )Tj
T*
(dreaming," until suddenly realizing she )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(was )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(After about a week of practice, Laurie was able to dispense with the "I'\
m dreaming" phrase, and found )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(that simple counting to herself worked as well. In a surprisingly short \
time, she was able to become lucid )Tj
T*
(in her sleep-onset dreams almost at will. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(At this point, we decided to observe her in the sleep lab for three cons\
ecutive nights. On these nights, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Laurie made an effort to retain consciousness while entering sleep-onset\
dream states. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(On each of these experimental sessions, she repeatedly rested quietly, b\
ut vigilantly, and counted to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(herself \("one, two, three ...", until she began to dream. She usually a\
wakened five to ten seconds later )Tj
T*
(and tape-recorded a description of what she had just experienced. Laurie\
reported having been lucid in )Tj
T*
(twenty-five of the forty-two resulting dreams. Visual inspection of the \
polygraph records showed that all )Tj
T*
(of these "dreamlets" \(I use the term because none lasted more than seve\
ral seconds\) occurred, whether )Tj
T*
(they were lucid or not, during NREM Stage 1 sleep, with slow eye movemen\
ts. The following is a )Tj
T*
(sample: "I was in the grocery store, going down an aisle; only I was sta\
nding on a cart. It was whizzing )Tj
T*
(real fast. As I went by the Coke and Pepsi bottles, I realized that I wa\
s dreaming. I remembered to look )Tj
T*
(at my hands, but they wouldn't move up to eye level." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Laurie's inability to look at her dream hands may point to a significant\
difference between these sleep-)Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(onset lucid "dreamlets" and REM lucid dreams. During REM lucid dreams, t\
he dreamer normally has )Tj
T*
(complete volitional control of his or her dream body. I had wondered if \
the same would be true at sleep )Tj
T*
(onset, so I asked Laurie to carry out a prearranged dream action of putt\
ing her hands before her face )Tj
T*
(when she found herself conscious of dreaming. This seemingly simple task\
proved impossible, at least in )Tj
T*
(this one case; obviously, more research is needed in order to settle the\
issue. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(An important factor influencing the kind of results you are likely to ob\
tain with the foregoing technique )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(is )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(timing. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Rather than attempting to enter the lucid dream state at the beginning o\
f your sleep cycle, you )Tj
T*
(would do much better to try later in the night, toward morning, especial\
ly after already awakening from )Tj
T*
(a dream. This is because the lucid dreams characteristic of sleep onset \
at the beginning of the night )Tj
T*
(typically take place in NREM Stage 1 sleep, and hence rarely seem to las\
t more than a few seconds. In )Tj
T*
(contrast, when these techniques are practiced upon awakening from REM pe\
riods later in the night, it is )Tj
T*
(often possible to return to REM sleep and experience extended, full-blow\
n lucid dreams. However, the )Tj
T*
(optimal time for entering REM lucid dreams directly from the waking stat\
e may be in the afternoon. I )Tj
T*
(base this suggestion on the fact that in my personal record, the proport\
ion of waking-initiated lucid )Tj
T*
(dreams to dream-initiated ones is six times higher during my afternoon n\
aps than in nocturnal sleep. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The various techniques described above for entering the dream state from\
the waking state work on the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(same fundamental principle: you lie in bed deeply relaxed but vigilant, \
and perform a repetitive or )Tj
T*
(continuous mental activity upon which you focus your attention. Keeping \
this task going maintains your )Tj
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(inner focus of attention, and with it your wakeful inner consciousness, \
while your drowsy external )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(awareness diminishes and finally vanishes altogether as you fall asleep.\
In essence, the idea is to let your )Tj
T*
(body fall asleep while you keep your mind awake. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(There is another, and for most people far easier, way to become lucid in\
a dream: become very familiar )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(with your dreams, get to know what is dreamlike about them, and simply )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(intend )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(to recognize that they )Tj
T*
(are dreams while they are happening. Evidently, simply intending to reco\
gnize that one is dreaming is )Tj
T*
(enough to increase the frequency of occurrence of lucid dreams. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In the West, the earliest account of learning lucid dreaming was provide\
d by the Marquis d'Hervey de )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Saint-Denys, who taught himself through the following method. By the age\
of thirteen, he had become )Tj
T*
(fascinated with his dreams and devoted a great deal of time to recording\
and sketching them. He )Tj
T*
(explained that: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(as a result of thinking about my dreams during the day, and analyzing an\
d describing )Tj
T*
(them, these activities became part of the store of memories of waking li\
fe on which my )Tj
T*
(mind drew during sleep. Thus one night I dreamt that I was writing up my\
dreams, some )Tj
T*
(of which were particularly unusual. On waking, I thought what a great pi\
ty it was that I )Tj
T*
(had not been aware of this exceptional situation while still asleep. Wha\
t a golden )Tj
T*
(opportunity lost\227I thought. I would have been able to note so many in\
teresting details. I )Tj
T*
(was obsessed by this idea for several days, and the mere fact that I kep\
t thinking about it )Tj
T*
(during the day soon resulted in my having the same dream again. There wa\
s one )Tj
T*
(modification, however: this time the original ideas summoned up by assoc\
iation the idea I )Tj
T*
(was dreaming, and I became perfectly aware of this fact. I was able to c\
oncentrate )Tj
T*
(particularly on the details of the dream that interested me, so as to fi\
x them in my mind all )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(the more clearly on waking.)Tj
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( )Tj
-14.4063 -2.55714 Td
(After another year of obsessive preoccupation with his dreams, the Marqu\
is reported that he was having )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lucid dreams almost every night. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(R. T. Browne, one of the contributors to Volume II of Narayana's )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Dream Problem, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(described essentially )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(this same method. Asserting that "under certain conditions" it is "possi\
ble for the dreamer to remain )Tj
T*
(cognizant of the fact that he is dreaming during the dream state ... one\
of the means by which he may )Tj
T*
(accomplish this is by placing in his so-called subconscious mind the sug\
gestion, clear-cut and positive, )Tj
T*
(that he will be conscious of the fact, under a given set of circumstance\
s, that he is dreaming." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This method was tested in the early 1970s by Patricia Garfield. She mere\
ly told herself, before going to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(sleep: "Tonight, I )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(will )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(have a lucid dream." Garfield said that with this method she obtained a \
"classical )Tj
T*
(learning curve, increasing the frequency of prolonged lucid dreams from \
a baseline of zero to a high of )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(three per week.")Tj
ET
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(She used the method for five or six years, during which time she had an \
average of )Tj
-7.25829 -1.2 Td
(four or five lucid dreams per month. These results indicate that merely \
telling oneself to have a lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dream can provide a starting point, at least, for deliberately inducing \
lucid dreams. )Tj
ET
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/Artifact <>BDC
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(Before beginning my own efforts to learn to dream lucidly, I had had occ\
asional spontaneous lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreams over the years, especially as a young child. At about the age of \
five, I had a series of dreams that )Tj
T*
(I would intentionally redream on successive nights. I vividly recall a s\
cene from one of them, as )Tj
T*
(described in Chapter 4, in which I experienced momentary anxiety about h\
aving been underwater for a )Tj
T*
(long time\227but then I remembered that in dreams I could breathe underw\
ater. How long I continued )Tj
T*
(these practices I do not know, but the next lucid dream that I can recal\
l took place almost twenty years )Tj
T*
(later. For several years I experienced occasional lucid dreams \(about o\
ne per month\) that were )Tj
T*
(sufficiently intriguing to persuade me to undertake a careful study of t\
he phenomenon. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(During the first year and a half of my research, I used self-suggestion \
for lucid-dream induction, with )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(results equivalent to Garfield's. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(By the end of phase one, I had observed two factors that seemed to be as\
sociated with the occurrence of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(my lucid dreams. The first, and most obvious, was motivation. During thi\
s period, there were two )Tj
T*
(months during which I reported, respectively, two and three times more l\
ucid dreams than the average )Tj
T*
(for the rest of this period. During the first month, September 1977, I w\
as preparing a Ph.D. dissertation )Tj
T*
(proposal in which I claimed that I ought to be able to learn to have luc\
id dreams at will. During the )Tj
T*
(second month, January 1978, I was attempting \(successfully\) to have lu\
cid dreams in the sleep )Tj
T*
(laboratory. During both of these months I was highly motivated, since I \
felt challenged to demonstrate )Tj
T*
(the practicality of a laboratory study of lucid dreaming. However, I fou\
nd it impossible to maintain this )Tj
T*
(high level of motivation, as is seen by the decline in lucid-dreaming fr\
equency following these two )Tj
T*
(months. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Gradually, more self-observation led to the realization that a second ps\
ychological factor was involved: )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the intention to )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(remember )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(to be lucid during the next dream. This clarification of intention was )Tj
T*
(accompanied by an immediate increase in the monthly frequency of my luci\
d dreams. Once I discovered )Tj
T*
(that memory was the key to lucid dreaming, further practice and methodol\
ogical refinements allowed me )Tj
T*
(to arrive, within a year, at my goal: a method by which I could reliably\
induce lucid dreams. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 134.57538 234.14885 Tm
(Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams \(MILD\) )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 197.89406 Tm
(MILD is based on nothing more complex or esoteric than our ability to re\
member that there are actions )Tj
T*
(we wish to perform in the future. Aside from writing ourselves memos \(a\
device of little use here, for )Tj
T*
(obvious reasons!\) we do this by forming a mental connection between wha\
t we want to do and the future )Tj
T*
(circumstances in which we intend to do it. Making this connection is gre\
atly facilitated by the mnemonic )Tj
T*
(device\227the memory aid\227of visualizing yourself doing what it is you\
intend to remember. It is also )Tj
T*
(helpful to verbalize the intention: "When such-and-such happens, I want \
to remember to do so-and-so." )Tj
T*
(For example: "When I pass the bank, I want to remember to draw out some \
cash." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The verbalization that I use to organize my intended effort is: "Next ti\
me I'm dreaming, I want to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(remember to recognize I'm dreaming." The "when" and "what" of the intend\
ed action must be clearly )Tj
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(specified. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(I generate this intention either immediately after awakening from an ear\
lier REM period, or following a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(period of full wakefulness, as detailed below. An important point is tha\
t in order to produce the desired )Tj
T*
(effect, it is necessary to do more than just mindlessly recite the phras\
e. You must really )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(intend )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(to have a )Tj
T*
(lucid dream. Here is the recommended procedure spelled out step by step:\
)Tj
1.60715 -2.55714 Td
(1. During the early morning, when you awaken spontaneously from a dream\
, go over the dream )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(several times until you have memorized it. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(2. Then, while lying in bed and returning to sleep, say to yourself, "N\
ext time I'm dreaming, I want )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(to remember to recognize I'm dreaming." )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(3. Visualize yourself as being back in the dream just rehearsed; only t\
his time, see yourself realizing )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(that you are, in fact, dreaming. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(4. Repeat steps two and three until you feel your intention is clearly \
fixed or you fall asleep. )Tj
-1.60715 -2.55714 Td
(If all goes well, in a short time you will find yourself lucid in anothe\
r dream \(which need not closely )Tj
T*
(resemble the one you have rehearsed\). )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The mental set involved in this procedure is much like the one you adopt\
when you decide to awaken at )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(a certain hour, and go to sleep after setting your mental alarm clock. T\
he ability to awaken )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(in )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(your )Tj
T*
(dreams may be regarded as a sort of refinement of the ability to awaken \
)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(from )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(your dreams. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The reason for the "early morning" specified in step one is that lucid d\
reamers from van Eeden to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Garfield have reported that such dreams occur almost exclusively during \
the morning hours. Our )Tj
T*
(research at Stanford indicates that lucid dreaming occurs during REM per\
iods, and since most REM )Tj
T*
(sleep takes place in the later part of a night's sleep, this is likely t\
o be the most favorable time for lucid )Tj
T*
(dreaming. Although some dreamers have successfully induced lucid dreams \
using MILD during the first )Tj
T*
(REM period of the night, the technique seems to be most effective when p\
racticed during the early )Tj
T*
(morning after awakening from a dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(If you find yourself just too drowsy to follow the procedure as describe\
d above, you might try to wake )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(yourself up by engaging in several minutes of any activity that demands \
full wakefulness, such as )Tj
T*
(writing down your dream, reading, or simply getting out of bed. This is \
because certain activities have )Tj
T*
(been observed to promote lucid dreaming upon a subsequent return to slee\
p. Garfield, for example, )Tj
T*
(found that "sexual intercourse during the middle of the night was often \
followed by a lucid dream." Scott )Tj
T*
(Sparrow, in contrast, reported that early-morning meditation favored luc\
id dreaming \(but only if he did )Tj
T*
(the meditation for itself and not to have lucid dreams\). Other lucid dr\
eamers indicate early-morning )Tj
T*
(reading or writing to be favorable. The diversity of these activities su\
ggests that it is not the particular )Tj
T*
(activity, but the wakefulness that facilitates lucid dreaming during sub\
sequent sleep. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(However, wakefulness presents the would-be lucid dreamer with disadvanta\
ges as well as advantages. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Often it is impossible to return to sleep after waking up fully. Another\
problem is that since proximity to )Tj
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(REM sleep while doing MILD probably favors successful lucid-dream induct\
ion, the longer you wait )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(before returning to sleep, the less likely it is for lucid dreams to occ\
ur. When you awaken from REM )Tj
T*
(dreaming, your brain persists in a REM-like state for several minutes af\
terwards. Scientists have )Tj
T*
(demonstrated this by awakening people from both REM and NREM sleep and h\
aving them devise )Tj
T*
(stories. The stories told after awakening from REM were more dreamlike t\
han the NREM stories. Thus, )Tj
T*
(something of the REM state carries over for a few minutes after waking f\
rom a dream. If we reenter our )Tj
T*
(dreams immediately after waking from REM, which is the point at which ou\
r dreaming and waking )Tj
T*
(worlds are closest, it is the optimal time for carrying over our lucid-d\
ream intentions from the waking )Tj
T*
(mind into the dreaming mind. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(People are likely to differ as to which of these two factors\227wakefuln\
ess and REM carryover\227are more )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(effective for them, and I recommend experimenting with both when using M\
ILD to induce lucid dreams. )Tj
T*
(Once I myself learned how to use MILD, I experienced as many as four luc\
id dreams in a single night, )Tj
T*
(and indeed seemed able to attain lucidity on any night that I tried it. \
I see no reason why the same )Tj
T*
(shouldn't be true for others. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Since motivation is an important factor in inducing lucid dreams, how ca\
n we be sure increased )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(motivation doesn't account for the improvements I have attributed to MIL\
D? During all the nights I )Tj
T*
(attempted to induce lucid dreams while being physiologically monitored, \
my motivation was very high. )Tj
T*
(Using self-suggestion, I had only one lucid dream in seven nights of lab\
oratory recordings, but when I )Tj
T*
(began practicing MILD, I had fifteen lucid dreams in thirteen recording \
nights. It should be clear that it )Tj
T*
(is the method, and not merely the motivation, that accounted for these r\
esults. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(MILD also seems to work well for others, especially those who meet the r\
equirements of high )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(motivation and excellent dream recall. "High motivation" means having a \
strong desire to develop the )Tj
T*
(skill of lucid dreaming, and by "excellent dream recall" I mean being ab\
le to awaken from \(and )Tj
T*
(remember\) dreams two to three times per night or more. Students in my w\
orkshops and courses have )Tj
T*
(almost always succeeded with MILD if they met these two conditions. Two \
of my students increased )Tj
T*
(their lucid-dream frequency from less than one per month to about twenty\
per month during an eight-)Tj
T*
(week course. Even the average student had three or four lucid dreams in \
the same two-month period. All )Tj
T*
(this should make it clear that it )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(is )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(possible to learn to have lucid dreams. What one dreamer can do, )Tj
T*
(others can do as well. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Undoubtedly, the future will see the development of much more effective \
techniques for lucid-dream )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(induction that promise to make this world available to anyone who needs \
or desires it. Who knows\227)Tj
T*
(perhaps entry into lucid dreams will one day be no more difficult than f\
alling asleep. \(Although many )Tj
T*
(will still say that )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(that )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(is no easy matter!\) )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
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(Future Access to the Lucid Dream State )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 66.19093 Tm
(At present, it is possible to point to several techniques that could be \
developed to induce lucid dreams. )Tj
T*
(One is hypnosis. "Auto-suggestion," or implanting in oneself the command\
to do something, is a form of )Tj
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(hypnosis, and it is involved in practicing MILD. Many people have found \
it at least moderately effective )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(in inducing lucid dreams. For the fortunate minority who are easily hypn\
otizable, post-hypnotic )Tj
T*
(suggestions to have lucid dreams may be more effective when given by a h\
ypnotist, rather than when )Tj
T*
(given by oneself. Although I am only moderately hypnotizable, I have bee\
n hypnotized three times and )Tj
T*
(given post-hypnotic suggestions to have lucid dreams and on two of the t\
hree occasions they worked. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Along the same lines, Charles Tart has mentioned some preliminary work s\
uggesting "that post-hypnotic )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(suggestions may have some potential in inducing lucid dreaming.")Tj
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( I think one could change Tart's )Tj
-27.31529 -1.2 Td
("may" to "do." In my view, this is an area greatly deserving of cultivat\
ion, since hypnosis could help )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(provide access to lucid dreaming for those hypnotizable individuals who \
might find the state very useful, )Tj
T*
(but who may not be able to get there on their own steam. Such a techniqu\
e would probably greatly )Tj
T*
(further the therapeutic applications of lucid dreaming \(see chapter 7\)\
. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(A Ph.D. dissertation by Joe Dane, recently of the University of Virginia\
at Charlottesville, provides the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(strongest support yet for the possible usefulness of post-hypnotic sugge\
stion as a lucid-dream induction )Tj
T*
(method. Dane's fifteen female subjects\227all scoring above the median l\
evel on a measure of hypnotic )Tj
T*
(susceptibility, all recalling at least one dream per month, and all clai\
ming )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(no )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(prior experience of lucidity)Tj
T*
(\227were given post-hypnotic suggestions to dream lucidly when they were\
recorded on a single night. )Tj
T*
(Fourteen of the fifteen reported at least a minor episode of lucid dream\
ing. Contrary to most other )Tj
T*
(studies, Dane's turned up more reports of lucid dreaming from )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(non-)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(REM sleep than from REM sleep. )Tj
T*
(Some of the NREM lucid dreams resembled the "dreamlets" described earlie\
r in this chapter, so it is )Tj
T*
(difficult to evaluate just how significant these results actually are. C\
ounting only the five unambiguous )Tj
T*
(REM lucid dreams verified by eye-movement signals gives a considerably m\
ore modest success rate of )Tj
T*
(thirty-three percent. However, even that seems most impressive when it i\
s taken into account that the )Tj
T*
(subjects were all previously non-lucid dreamers. I believe that Dane has\
significantly advanced the state )Tj
T*
(of the art with respect to lucid dream induction by means of post-hypnot\
ic suggestion. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The use of some particular element of dream content \(for instance, my "\
multiplying contact lenses"\) as a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lucidity cue was mentioned in Chapter 5. A closely related technique inv\
olves presenting, during REM )Tj
T*
(sleep, an external stimulus as a lucidity cue, since it is well known th\
at environmental stimuli are at )Tj
T*
(times incorporated into dreams. Almost everyone has had the experience o\
f hearing an annoying sound, )Tj
T*
(such as a neighbor's buzz saw, only to awaken a moment later to find tha\
t what had really been making )Tj
T*
(the noise was the equally annoying alarm clock. If we have a kinder syst\
em for awakening, music or the )Tj
T*
(news may find its way into our dreams. Stimuli in the rest of the sensor\
y modes \(smell, touch, sight, )Tj
T*
(temperature, and possibly other senses as well\) are also occasionally i\
ncorporated in dreams, and any of )Tj
T*
(these sensory pathways could carry a reminder to the dreamer that he or \
she is dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This all might seem contradictory to the reader accustomed to thinking o\
f sleep as being "dead to the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(world." But the fact is that the sleeping brain maintains a degree of co\
ntact with the environment, )Tj
T*
(analyzing for meaning the information about external events that is rece\
ived through the senses. After )Tj
T*
(all, we are able to awaken when our own name is called, but remain aslee\
p when someone else's name is )Tj
T*
(called or an airplane flies overhead. And consider the mother who sleeps\
through her husband's loud )Tj
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(snoring, hut awakens to her baby's faint cries coming from another room.\
If we are monitoring the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(environment for the occurrence of significant events such as these, why \
couldn't we sleep with the )Tj
T*
(intention of noting some prearranged external sensory cue as a reminder \
that we are dreaming? )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The idea occurred to me that the most direct approach would be to use as\
a cue a sentence stating what )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the dreamer wishes to become aware of: "This is a dream." I first tried \
this out in 1978 at the Stanford )Tj
T*
(Sleep Laboratory, in collaboration with Dr. Lynn Nagel. Lynn got the sho\
rt end of the deal, staying up )Tj
T*
(all night monitoring my brain waves and REMs while I slept. When he obse\
rved me in REM sleep, he )Tj
T*
(turned on a tape recording I had made earlier, playing it at a moderate \
level from a speaker next to my )Tj
T*
(bed. The recorded message said, in my own voice, "Stephen, you're dreami\
ng" and after a few seconds )Tj
T*
(added the suggestion that I continue to sleep but realize that I was dre\
aming. At the time, I had not been )Tj
T*
(sleeping too well, still being a newcomer to the sleep lab, and it seeme\
d to me that I was lying in bed )Tj
T*
(awake. Then from the next room, I heard the voice of a doctor commenting\
in Germanic accents, )Tj
T*
("Amazing! Ze subject has had )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(no )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(REM sleep all night!" Hearing this, I was not surprised. As far as )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(I )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
T*
(knew, I had had no sleep of any kind. But the next moment, I was astonis\
hed to hear my own voice )Tj
T*
(coming over the PA. system, announcing, "You're dreaming!" I became luci\
d immediately. It had )Tj
T*
(worked! I was very excited. In a dream world suddenly beautiful and more\
vivid than waking life, I was )Tj
T*
(awake in my sleep! But a few seconds later, the recording continued with\
a voice now loud enough to )Tj
T*
(wake the dead, to say nothing of the sleeping, "Continue to sleep"\227an\
d I awoke! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This first experiment showed us that lucid dreams could indeed be induce\
d by direct verbal suggestion )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(during REM sleep. The fact that in the dream I heard "You're dreaming" l\
oud and clear, but did not hear )Tj
T*
(my name at all, is interesting. Perhaps unconsciously hearing my name st\
imulated my attention, )Tj
T*
(allowing me to hear the rest of the message consciously. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(We used my own voice to record the message for two reasons. First, we ho\
ped that being reminded by )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(one's own voice would seem more like reminding oneself mentally, and sec\
ond, because an earlier study )Tj
T*
(found that when subjects heard tape recordings of their own voices durin\
g REM, the result was dreams )Tj
T*
(in which the subjects were more active, assertive, and independent than \
when they heard recordings of )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(other peoples' voices.)Tj
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( Since these qualities are associated with lucid dreaming, we hoped that\
hearing )Tj
-9.3093 -1.2 Td
(my own voice would reinforce these qualities and facilitate the realizat\
ion I was dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This was the beginning of a series of explorations that are still contin\
uing. We asked four people )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(interested in lucid dreaming to spend one or two nights in the sleep lab\
. They each made a recording that )Tj
T*
(repeated the phrase, "This is a dream" every four to eight seconds. This\
was played, at a gradually )Tj
T*
(increasing volume, five to ten minutes after the beginning of each REM p\
eriod. The subjects were )Tj
T*
(instructed to signal by means of a pair of left and right eye movements \
whenever they heard the tape or )Tj
T*
(recognized they were dreaming. The technician turned off the tape record\
er immediately upon observing )Tj
T*
(this eye-movement signal on the polygraph. If the subjects did not awake\
n by themselves within two )Tj
T*
(minutes of the signal, the technician awakened them and asked for dream \
reports. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The tape stimulus was applied a total of fifteen times, producing lucidi\
ty in a third of the cases and, in )Tj
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(general, one of four results: )Tj
1.60715 -2.55714 Td
(1. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Awakening. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(In the majority of cases \(fifty-three percent\), the subjects reported \
hearing the tape )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(only after they had been awakened by it. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(2. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Incorporation with lucidity. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(In twenty percent of the cases, the subjects reported hearing the tape )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.25 -1.2 Td
(in the dream )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(and signaling while still dreaming \(now lucidly\). This is the same sor\
t of result we )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(obtained in our first experiments with taped stimuli. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(3. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Incorporation without lucidity. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(The subjects twice reported dream content obviously related to )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(the taped stimulus\227without, however, becoming lucid before awakening.\
The most curious )Tj
T*
(example of this was when a subject awoke after the tape had been played \
and wrote a report of )Tj
T*
(his dream. I asked him at that point whether he had heard the tape, and \
he replied he was sure he )Tj
T*
(had not. I was most surprised when I later read his written report. Near\
the end of his dream, he )Tj
T*
(complained that someone was trying to tell him something, but he wouldn'\
t listen to them. What )Tj
T*
(were they saying? "You're dreaming!" Remarkably, this subject had not ev\
en recognized the )Tj
T*
(phrase while writing a report of it after awakening! )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(4. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Lucidity without incorporation. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(On two occasions, our subjects attained lucidity and signaled )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(\(while the tape was being played\) without consciously hearing the stim\
ulus in their dreams at all. )Tj
T*
(This is exactly the opposite of the preceding situation. In one of these\
cases, having been )Tj
T*
(awakened from my first REM period by the tape, I was frustrated at havin\
g had my sleep )Tj
T*
(disturbed for nothing, and decided I would try to induce a lucid dream o\
n my own during my )Tj
T*
(next REM period )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(before )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(the tape had a chance to wake me up. So I performed the MILD )Tj
T*
(technique while returning to sleep. The next thing I knew I was in a vio\
lent struggle with my )Tj
T*
(father. I recognized I was dreaming and thought, "So this is the first t\
en minutes of REM," since I )Tj
T*
(hadn't heard any tape. This thought seemed to lead to a fading of the dr\
eam, and I soon woke up. )Tj
T*
(Shortly after I wrote my dream report, the technician entered my room an\
d asked if I had heard )Tj
T*
(the tape. "What?" I said, confused. "When? What tape?" It turned out the\
tape had been turned on )Tj
T*
(about twenty seconds before I had signaled\227which was, by the way, aft\
er twenty, not ten, )Tj
T*
(minutes of REM. Apparently, my unconscious awareness of the message help\
ed me realize I was )Tj
T*
(dreaming. )Tj
-2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(The results of this study also gave us a sense of the complexity and the\
multiplicity of variables )Tj
T*
(involved. First there is the question of when is the best time to apply \
the stimulus, since not every )Tj
T*
(moment of REM sleep seems equally suited to lucid dreaming. As for the m\
essage itself, what is its )Tj
T*
(optimal form? First person\227"I'm dreaming"? Second person\227"You're d\
reaming"? Or objective\227"This )Tj
T*
(is a dream"? Our research at Stanford is aimed at finding our way out of\
this tangle of questions, to gain )Tj
T*
(a reliable means of inducing lucid dreams in people who have had no prio\
r experience with the )Tj
T*
(phenomenon. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Another significant question is whether or not a verbal cue is best. In \
principle, any stimulus in any )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(sensory mode could be used as a cue to remind a dreamer that he or she i\
s dreaming. Perhaps a melody )Tj
T*
(\(say, Bach's )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Sleepers Awake!\) )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(might be more effective than speech. Or\227since smell is the only sense\
)Tj
T*
(that does not pass through the relay station in the brain called the tha\
lamus, and thus may not be as )Tj
T*
(inhibited as the other senses during sleep\227it may be that scent would\
function as an especially effective )Tj
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(cue. )Tj
0 -3.05347 TD
(A classic study by Dement and Wolpert)Tj
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( examined dream incorporation in several sensory modes. They )Tj
-16.6563 -1.2 Td
(found that tactile stimuli were more frequently incorporated into dreams\
than either light or sound. This )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(suggests that tactile stimulation might provide an effective lucidity cu\
e. In fact, in Great Britain a few )Tj
T*
(years ago, Keith Hearne was promoting a "dream machine" operating on thi\
s principle. Hearne's device )Tj
T*
(measured breathing rate with a nasal temperature sensor, and applied a s\
eries of electric shocks to the )Tj
T*
(dreamer's wrist when an increase in breathing rate was detected. The pro\
blem was that if the dreamer )Tj
T*
(was lucky, the shocks would occur during REM sleep, but they could just \
as easily come during NREM )Tj
T*
(sleep or even waking. If the shocks did not awaken the sleeper, but were\
instead incorporated into the )Tj
T*
(dream, and if the dreamer recognized the incorporated stimuli as lucidit\
y cues, a lucid dream could have )Tj
T*
(been produced. These are big "ifs" and the scant scientific research ava\
ilable on this machine suggests it )Tj
T*
(to be only marginally effective at best. Though the idea seems a good on\
e, the execution was apparently )Tj
T*
(less than optimal for the intended purpose. I believe it is probably onl\
y a matter of time before someone )Tj
T*
(perfects and markets an effective lucid-dream induction device; this is \
currently one of the top priorities )Tj
T*
(of my own research. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Such a piece of technology might do the same thing for would-be lucid dr\
eamers that biofeedback )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(machines do for novice meditators. In both cases, the technological aid \
might make it easier for the )Tj
T*
(beginner to get started, perhaps saving him or her years of frustrating,\
misdirected effort. But a time will )Tj
T*
(likely come when reliance on external assistance will hinder the learner\
's further development. Crutches )Tj
T*
(may help us walk when we are weak, but until we set them aside we will n\
ever dance. )Tj
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(7 )Tj
-12.8365 -2.18016 Td
(The Practical Dreamer: Applications of Lucid Dreaming)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 234.50403 Tm
(Concerning electricity, a "scientific curiosity" of the eighteenth centu\
ry, a woman is said to have asked )Tj
T*
(Benjamin Franklin, "But what use is it?" His reply is famous: "What use,\
madame, is a newborn baby?" )Tj
T*
(If at this stage the same question were asked in regard to lucid dreamin\
g, a "scientific curiosity" of the )Tj
T*
(twentieth century, the same answer could be given. Though for the moment\
we can only speculate, our )Tj
T*
(work at Stanford and the accounts of other lucid dreamers suggest that, \
like electricity, lucid dreaming )Tj
T*
(could also be harnessed to aid us in performing a variety of tasks with \
far greater ease. As they appear to )Tj
T*
(me today, applications of lucid dreaming generally fall into four broad \
areas: scientific exploration; )Tj
T*
(health and inner growth; creative problem solving, rehearsal, and decisi\
on making; wish fulfillment and )Tj
T*
(recreation. Since the use and advantages of lucid dreaming in scientific\
exploration of the dream state )Tj
T*
(have already been presented, we will only concern ourselves with the lat\
ter three categories. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(All of the applications of lucid dreaming we will be examining are examp\
les of )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(creativity. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Since the )Tj
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(most general advantages offered by lucid consciousness\227to both dream \
and waking\227is the capacity for )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(flexible and creative action, it should come as no surprise that the var\
ious applications of lucid dreaming )Tj
T*
(are all, in a sense, examples of creativity. As biofeedback researchers \
Elmer and Alyce Green have )Tj
T*
(observed, )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(It seems increasingly certain that healing and creativity are different \
pieces of a single )Tj
T*
(picture. Both Swami Rama and Jack Schwarz, a Western Sufi whom we recent\
ly had a )Tj
T*
(chance to work with, maintain that self-healing can be performed in a st\
ate of deep )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
T*
(reverie ... )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(But this "manner" of manipulation of images is also the same as that in \
which )Tj
T*
(we find ideas being handled creatively ... for the solution of intellect\
ual problems. )Tj
0 -3.05347 TD
(What an interesting finding!)Tj
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( )Tj
-14.5183 -2.55714 Td
(The Greens go on to describe what creativity means on each of three diff\
erent levels: physiological, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(psychological, and social. In physiological terms, creativity means phys\
ical healing and regeneration; in )Tj
T*
(emotional terms, it means creating attitude changes that favor the estab\
lishment of inner harmony; in the )Tj
T*
(mental sphere, it involves the synthesis of new ideas. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The Greens continue: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(The entrance, or key, to all these inner processes, [is] a particular st\
ate of consciousness in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(which the gap between conscious and unconscious processes is voluntarily\
narrowed, and )Tj
T*
(temporarily eliminated when useful. When that self-regulated reverie is \
established, the )Tj
T*
(body can apparently be programmed at will, and the instructions given wi\
ll be carried out, )Tj
T*
(emotional states can be dispassionately examined, accepted or rejected, \
or totally )Tj
T*
(supplanted by others deemed more useful, and problems insoluble in the n\
ormal state of )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(consciousness can be elegantly resolved.)Tj
ET
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( )Tj
-19.5163 -2.55714 Td
(The state of consciousness the Greens refer to is not lucid dreaming but\
the hypnagogic or reverie state. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Nevertheless, their conclusions would seem to apply even more practicall\
y to the lucid dreaming state, )Tj
T*
(in which the conscious mind confronts the unconscious face to face. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
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(The Healing Dream)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 148.69405 Tm
(Testifying to the emotional healing power of dreams, Goethe wrote, "Ther\
e have been times when I have )Tj
T*
(fallen asleep in tears; but in my dreams the most charming forms have co\
me to cheer me, and I have )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(risen fresh and joyful.")Tj
ET
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( )Tj
-9.54114 -2.55714 Td
(The use of dreams for healing was widespread in the ancient world. The s\
ick would sleep in temples of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(healing, seeking dreams that would cure or at least diagnose their illne\
ss and suggest a remedy. I have )Tj
T*
(mentioned this as a reminder that healing through lucid dreaming is a pa\
rtly new and partly old idea. But )Tj
ET
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(before continuing, we need first to clarify exactly what the terms "heal\
th" and "healing" mean. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(According to popular conception, a major function served by sleep and dr\
eams is rest and recuperation. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(As it happens, there is scientific evidence supporting Macbeth's concept\
ion of sleep as "chief nourisher )Tj
T*
(in life's feast." For example, there is a positive correlation, across m\
any species, between the amount of )Tj
T*
(sleep and the need for restoration as measured by metabolic rate. Accord\
ingly, for humans, physical )Tj
T*
(exercise leads to more sleep, especially delta sleep, which in turn rele\
ases more growth hormone. On the )Tj
T*
(other hand, mental exercise or emotional stress appears to result in inc\
reases in REM sleep and in )Tj
T*
(consequence, dreaming. Sleep, as a time of relative isolation from envir\
onmental challenges, allows the )Tj
T*
(person to recover optimal health or the ability to respond adaptively. T\
he healing processes of sleep are )Tj
T*
(holistic, taking place on all levels of the human system. On higher psyc\
hological levels, these healing )Tj
T*
(functions are probably normally accomplished during the dreams of REM sl\
eep. I say "normally" )Tj
T*
(because due to maladaptive mental attitudes and habits, dreams do not al\
ways accomplish their )Tj
T*
(functions, as can be seen in the case of nightmares, which we will discu\
ss later in the chapter. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Human beings are extremely complex, multilevel living systems. It is use\
ful, although an )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(oversimplification, to distinguish three main levels of organization tha\
t make up what we are: biological, )Tj
T*
(psychological, and social \(as was mentioned earlier in relation to the \
Greens' research\). These reflect our )Tj
T*
(partial identities as bodies, minds, and members of society. Each of the\
se levels affects every other level, )Tj
T*
(to a greater or lesser extent. For example, your blood sugar level \(bio\
logy\) affects how good that plate of )Tj
T*
(cookies looks to you \(psychology\), and perhaps even whether you are hu\
ngry enough to steal )Tj
T*
(\(sociology\). On the other hand, the degree to which you have accepted \
society's rules and norms affects )Tj
T*
(how guilty you feel if you do steal. So how the cookies appear \(psychol\
ogy\) depends on how hungry )Tj
T*
(you are \(biology\) as well as on who else is around \(sociology\). Beca\
use of this triple-level organization, )Tj
T*
(we can view humans as "biopsychosocial systems." Now, since environmenta\
l challenges \(such as the )Tj
T*
(one mentioned above\) occur on all levels of the individual's biopsychos\
ocial organization, from cellular )Tj
T*
(to social, and since we are speaking of the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(whole )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(individual's responses, the concepts of health and of )Tj
T*
(healing we have developed here are holistic. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0 -2.55714 TD
(Health )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(has been defined as "a state of optimal functioning with freedom from di\
sease and abnormality." )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(The domain over which this functioning ranges is life in all its complex\
ities. In the most general terms, )Tj
T*
(health can be conceived as a condition of adaptive responsiveness to the\
challenges of life. For responses )Tj
T*
(to be "adaptive" requires at minimum that they resolve a situation in a \
way that is favorable and that )Tj
T*
(does not disrupt the integrity, or wholeness, of the individual. Adaptiv\
e responses in some way also )Tj
T*
(improve the individual's relationship to his or her environment. There a\
re degrees of adaptiveness; the )Tj
T*
(optimum is what we have defined as health. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(By this definition, being healthy involves more than simply maintaining \
the status quo. On the contrary, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(when our familiar behaviors are inadequate to cope with a situation, a h\
ealthy response will include )Tj
T*
(learning new, more adaptive behaviors. And when we learn new behaviors, \
we grow; having done so, )Tj
T*
(we find ourselves better equipped than before to deal with the challenge\
s of life. )Tj
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(Lucid dreaming bears a family resemblance to daydreaming, hypnagogic rev\
erie, psychedelic drug )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(states, hypnotic hallucinations, and other types of mental imagery. Sinc\
e many members of this family )Tj
T*
(have found gainful employ in therapeutic circles, it would seem reasonab\
le to expect that lucid dreaming )Tj
T*
(might also prove effective here. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(According to doctors Dennis Jaffe and David Bresler, "Mental imagery mob\
ilizes the latent, inner )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(powers of the person, which have immense potential to aid in the healing\
process and in the promotion )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(of health.")Tj
ET
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(However it works, imagery is used in a great variety of psychotherapeuti\
c approaches, )Tj
-4.7207 -1.2 Td
(ranging from psychoanalysis to behavior modification. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The efficacy of imagery is to a certain extent dependent upon its believ\
ability as reality, so it seems )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(likely that healing imagery occurring in the lucid dream state could be \
particularly effective. This is )Tj
T*
(because lucid dreams are not merely experienced as being very realistic \
and very vivid; without )Tj
T*
(exaggeration we can say that lucid dreaming is )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(the most vivid )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(form of imagery likely to be experienced )Tj
T*
(by normal individuals. Thus what happens in lucid dreams has an understa\
ndably powerful impact on )Tj
T*
(the dreamer, both experientially and physically. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Hypnosis is a therapeutic imagery technique that could possibly be relev\
ant to lucid dreaming. People )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(experiencing hypnotic dreams while in deep trance relate experiences tha\
t have much in common with )Tj
T*
(lucid dreams. Hypnotic dreamers are almost always at least partly lucid \
in their dreams, and in the )Tj
T*
(deeper states they, like lucid dreamers, experience imagery as real, or \
almost as real, as real can be. )Tj
T*
(Deeply hypnotized subjects are able to exert remarkable control over man\
y of their physiological )Tj
T*
(functions: inhibiting allergic reactions, stopping bleeding, and inducin\
g anesthesia at will. )Tj
T*
(Unfortunately, these dramatic responses are limited to the five or ten p\
ercent of the population capable )Tj
T*
(of entering hypnosis very deeply, and this capability does not seem to b\
e trainable. Lucid dreaming )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(is, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
T*
(on the other hand, a learnable skill, and lucid dreams could hold the sa\
me potential for self-regulation as )Tj
T*
(deep-trance hypnosis, yet be applicable to a much greater proportion of \
the population. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(One of the most intriguing therapeutic applications of mental imagery is\
Carl Simonton's work with )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(cancer patients. Dr. Simonton and his colleagues report that patients wi\
th advanced cancer who )Tj
T*
(supplemented standard radiation and chemotherapy treatment with healing \
imagery survived, on the )Tj
T*
(average, twice as long as expected by national averages. While caution s\
eems appropriate in interpreting )Tj
T*
(these results, they still suggest some very exciting possibilities. Give\
n the direct connection between )Tj
T*
(mind and body that we have demonstrated in our lucid dream experiments, \
it seems justifiable to hope )Tj
T*
(that healing imagery during lucid dreaming might be even more effective.\
)Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The fact that our laboratory studies have revealed a high correlation be\
tween dream behavior and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(physiological responses presents a rare opportunity for developing an un\
usual degree of self-control of )Tj
T*
(physiology that might prove useful for self-healing. You could conceivab\
ly carry out actions in your )Tj
T*
(lucid dreams specifically designed to have whatever precise physiologica\
l consequences you may wish. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(A frequently described part of the techniques commonly used by so-called\
"paranormal healers" consists )Tj
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(in imagining the patient to be in a state of perfect health. Since while\
dreaming we generate body images )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(in the form of our dream bodies, why shouldn't we be able to initiate se\
lf-healing processes during lucid )Tj
T*
(dreams by consciously envisioning our dream bodies as perfectly healthy?\
Further, if our dream bodies )Tj
T*
(do not appear in a state of perfect health, we can heal them symbolicall\
y in the same manner. We know )Tj
T*
(from our investigations at Stanford that such things can be done. Here i\
s a question for future lucid )Tj
T*
(dream research to answer: if we heal the dream body, to what extent will\
we also heal the physical )Tj
T*
(body? )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The possibility of voluntary self-control of physiology during lucid dre\
aming is attractive for another )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(reason. In general, an individual can only learn to control a physiologi\
cal parameter \(heart rate, brain )Tj
T*
(waves, blood pressure, and so on\) within the normal range of variation \
for a given state of )Tj
T*
(consciousness. For instance, while awake, you can only deliberately alte\
r the frequency and intensity of )Tj
T*
(your brain waves within the normal limits of waking brain activity. You \
can increase or decrease the )Tj
T*
(amount of alpha waves you produce, since they are associated with waking\
, but you cannot get your )Tj
T*
(brain to produce delta waves as it does when you are deeply asleep. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Now, of all the normal states of consciousness an individual passes thro\
ugh every day and night, the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(state with the widest range of physiological variability is REM sleep. L\
ucid dreaming, which occurs in )Tj
T*
(REM sleep, thus affords those interested in voluntary self-control the w\
idest possible parameters in )Tj
T*
(which to operate. A person with high blood pressure could probably lower\
his or her blood pressure with )Tj
T*
(greater ease, and to a greater extent, in lucid REM sleep than in the wa\
king state. How practical this will )Tj
T*
(prove to be, and what long-term effects it might have, are open question\
s. But it is possible that lowered )Tj
T*
(blood pressure during lucid dreaming could result in lowered blood press\
ure during subsequent )Tj
T*
(wakefulness. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The other side of the hypothesis that positive dream imagery can foster \
health is that negative dream )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(imagery can contribute to illness. Harold Levitan of McGill University h\
as studied the dreams of )Tj
T*
(psychosomatic patients. Their dreams typically involved injury to the bo\
dy, and Dr. Levitan suggested )Tj
T*
(that "the repetitive experience of consummated trauma contributes to the\
malfunctioning of the )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(physiological systems, and therefore, to the production of illness.")Tj
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( This seems plausible enough. If we )Tj
-26.84615 -1.2 Td
(are willing to accept the possibility that dreams can cure, it seems we \
must also accept the possibility )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(that they may harm. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Since health means increased wholeness, psychological growth often requi\
res the reintegration of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(neglected or rejected aspects of the personality, and this can be consci\
ously and deliberately achieved )Tj
T*
(through the symbolic encounters of lucid dreaming. The content of a heal\
ing dream often takes the form )Tj
T*
(of an integration or union of images. The self-image \(or ego\) is often\
unified with elements of what Jung )Tj
T*
(called the "shadow." For simplicity, let us divide our personalities int\
o two categories. On one side, we )Tj
T*
(put all the characteristics we find agreeable and "good." These qualitie\
s are the aggregate of our self-)Tj
T*
(representation or "ego." On the other side, we put all those traits and \
qualities we consider "bad" or )Tj
T*
(dislike in ourselves, and consciously or unconsciously wish to deny. We \
disown them by projecting )Tj
T*
(them on the mental image of an "other"\227the "shadow." Note that the se\
lf-representation is incomplete, )Tj
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(not whole: it leaves out the shadow. According to Jung, when the ego int\
entionally accepts aspects of the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(shadow, it moves toward wholeness and healthy psychological functioning.\
)Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The ability to act voluntarily according to ideals, rather than habits, \
allows the lucid dreamer consciously )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(to accept, and thereby integrate, previously repressed aspects of the pe\
rsonality. It is the stones rejected )Tj
T*
(by the builder of the ego that form the foundation of the new Self. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The importance of taking responsibility for even the "shadow" elements i\
n one's own dreams is )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(illustrated by the difficulties that plagued Frederik van Eeden's dream \
life. "In a perfect instance of the )Tj
T*
(lucid dream," wrote van Eeden, "I float through immensely wide landscape\
s, with a clear blue, sunny )Tj
T*
(sky, and a feeling of deep bliss and gratitude, which I feel impelled to\
express by eloquent words of )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(thankfulness and piety.")Tj
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( But for some reason, van Eeden found that these pious lucid dreams were\
very )Tj
-10.01414 -1.2 Td
(frequently followed by what he called )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
("demon-dreams," )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(in which he was typically mocked, harassed, )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(and attacked by what he supposed to be "intelligent beings of a very low\
moral order.")Tj
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( )Tj
-34.94514 -2.55714 Td
(Jung would have probably considered van Eeden's demon-dreams as examples\
of )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(compensation, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(striving )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(to correct the mental imbalance produced by his ego's sense of self-righ\
teousness and inflated piety. )Tj
T*
(Nietzsche would probably have responded more aphoristically: "If a tree \
grows up to heaven, its roots )Tj
T*
(reach down to hell." In any case, for van Eeden, the apparent existence \
of these demonic holdovers from )Tj
T*
(the Middle Ages was a source of considerable embarrassment\227was it not\
, after all, the twentieth )Tj
T*
(century? Nevertheless, as a dedicated explorer of inner space, he felt c\
ompelled to account for their )Tj
T*
(presence in his dreams. It was awkward, but demons they were, without qu\
estion. However, van Eeden )Tj
T*
(could not bring himself to believe )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(his )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(mind was responsible for "all the horrors and errors of dream-life." )Tj
T*
(Since it was impossible for )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(no one )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(to be responsible, it must be someone else\227and thus van Eeden was )Tj
T*
(forced to embrace the demon hypothesis. Because of this belief, he was n\
ever able to free himself from )Tj
T*
(his demon-dreams, and his efforts to rid himself of them met resistance \
throughout his life. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Van Eeden is not the only lucid dreamer to have had problems with dream \
demons. Saint-Denys also )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(met his share of "abominable monsters" in his dream explorations; how he\
regarded them provides an )Tj
T*
(instructive contrast to van Eeden's attitude. At one time, the Marquis f\
ound himself plagued by a )Tj
T*
("dreadful" recurrent nightmare: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(I was not aware that I was dreaming, and imagined I was being pursued by\
abominable )Tj
T*
(monsters. I was fleeing through an endless series of rooms. I had diffic\
ulty in opening the )Tj
T*
(doors that divided them, and no sooner had I closed each door behind me \
than I heard it )Tj
T*
(opened again by the hideous procession of monsters. They were uttering h\
orrible cries as )Tj
T*
(they tried to catch me, I felt they were gaining on me. I awoke with a s\
tart, panting and )Tj
T*
(bathed in sweat. )Tj
-2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(The same nightmare, "with all its attendant terrors," recurred four time\
s in the course of six weeks. But, )Tj
T*
("on the fourth occurrence of the nightmare," Saint-Denys wrote, )Tj
ET
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(Just as the monsters were about to start pursuing me again, I suddenly b\
ecame aware of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(my true situation. My desire to rid myself of these illusory terrors gav\
e me the strength to )Tj
T*
(overcome my fear. I did not flee, but instead, making a great effort of \
will, I put my back )Tj
T*
(up against the wall, and determined to look the phantom monsters full in\
the face. This )Tj
T*
(time I would make a deliberate study of them, and not just glance at the\
m, as I had on )Tj
T*
(previous occasions. )Tj
-2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(In spite of his lucidity, he "experienced a fairly violent emotional sho\
ck at first," explaining that "the )Tj
T*
(appearance in dreams of something one has been dreading to see can still\
have a considerable effect on )Tj
T*
(one's mind, even when one is forewarned against it." Nevertheless, the i\
ntrepid lucid dreamer continued, )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(I stared at my principal assailant. He bore some resemblance to one of t\
hose bristling and )Tj
T*
(grimacing demons which are sculptured on cathedral porches. Academic cur\
iosity soon )Tj
T*
(overcame all my other emotions. I saw the fantastic monster halt a few p\
aces from me, )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(hissing and leaping about. Once I had mastered my fear his actions appea\
red merely )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(burlesque. I noticed the claws on one of his hands, or paws, I should sa\
y. There were )Tj
T*
(seven in all, each very precisely delineated. The monster's features wer\
e all precise and )Tj
T*
(realistic: hair and eyebrows, what looked like a wound on his shoulder, \
and many other )Tj
T*
(details. In fact, I would class this as one of the clearest images I had\
had in dreams. )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(Perhaps this image was based on a memory of some Gothic bas-relief. Whet\
her this was )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(so or not, my imagination was certainly responsible for the movement and\
colour in the )Tj
T*
(image. The result of concentrating my attention on this figure was that \
all his acolytes )Tj
T*
(vanished, as if by magic. Soon the leading monster also began to slow do\
wn, lose )Tj
T*
(precision, and take on a downy appearance. He finally changed into a sor\
t of floating hide, )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(which resembled the faded costumes used as street-signs by fancy-dress s\
hops at carnival-)Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(time. Some unremarkable scenes followed, and finally I woke up.)Tj
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(8)Tj
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( )Tj
-29.48729 -2.55714 Td
(And that was the end of Saint-Denys' nightmares. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The nearest thing I have had to a "demon-dream" was the "riot in the cla\
ssroom" lucid dream \(quoted in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Chapter 1\) in which I successfully accepted and integrated one of my de\
mons\227the repulsive ogre. It )Tj
T*
(seems clear on several levels that this was a healing dream. In the firs\
t place, the initial conflict\227an )Tj
T*
(unhealthy condition of stress\227was resolved positively. Also, the drea\
m ego was able to accept the )Tj
T*
(barbarian as a part of itself, and thus move toward wholeness. Finally, \
there is more direct evidence\227)Tj
T*
(the feeling of increased wholeness and well-being that I experienced upo\
n awakening. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(There are alternatives to this technique of intentional acceptance and a\
ssimilation. Another of my )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreams provides an example of a healing lucid dream that made use of sym\
bolic transformation. I had )Tj
T*
(just returned from a journey and was carrying a bundle of bedding and cl\
othes down the street, when a )Tj
T*
(taxi pulled up, blocking my way. Two men in the taxi and one outside it \
threatened me with robbery and )Tj
T*
(violence. Somehow I realized I was dreaming, and immediately attacked th\
e three muggers, heaping )Tj
T*
(them into a formless pile and setting fire to them. Out of their ashes I\
arranged for flowers to grow, and I )Tj
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(Lucid Dreaming)Tj
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(awoke feeling filled with vibrant energy. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In contrast to the receptive strategy I followed in the classroom riot d\
ream, I took an active approach in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(this dream, using the purifying symbol of fire to transform the negative\
image of the muggers into the )Tj
T*
(positive image of the flowers. The main justification I have for conside\
ring this a healing dream was )Tj
T*
(how good I felt after I awoke. And the muggers? I somehow felt they were\
happier being flowers! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The two lucid dreams I have just discussed illustrate an important psych\
otherapeutic principle: it may )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(not be necessary to interpret the dream in order to resolve personality \
conflicts. In many cases, these )Tj
T*
(conflicts can be resolved symbolically in the dream itself. While the ba\
rbarian and the muggers might )Tj
T*
(well have symbolically represented some hidden attitude, quality, or asp\
ect of myself that I had been )Tj
T*
(attempting to reject and deny admission to my "ego" or self-image, I was\
able to resolve them without )Tj
T*
(even having to know what they represented. So, my acceptance or transfor\
mation of the dream )Tj
T*
(characters represented a symbolic acceptance or transformation of whatev\
er unidentified emotion, )Tj
T*
(behavior, or role they stood for. Interpretation may cast an interesting\
sidelight on the matter, but it )Tj
T*
(would seem to me, in these cases, to be an entirely optional one. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The same two dreams provide illustrations of another important guiding p\
rinciple in the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(psychotherapeutic use of lucid dreaming. In both cases, I attributed hea\
ling qualities to the lucid dreams )Tj
T*
(on the basis of how I felt upon awakening. I have found from experience \
that the feelings I am left with )Tj
T*
(after a lucid dream reliably indicate my intuitive evaluation of my beha\
vior in that dream. Please do not )Tj
T*
(misunderstand me. I am )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(not )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(saying that "if it feels good, it )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(is )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(good." What I )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(am )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(saying is that "if it feels )Tj
T*
(good )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(afterward, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(it )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(was )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(good." This is the compass by which I have charted my personal explorati\
ons )Tj
T*
(through the lucid-dream world. If I do something in a lucid dream that I\
feel good about later, I do it in )Tj
T*
(future lucid dreams. If I feel bad about what I have done, I avoid that \
action in later lucid dreams. )Tj
T*
(Following this policy, of course, leads to increasingly good feelings in\
my lucid dreams. And rather than )Tj
T*
(recommending to my students any more particular course of action in thei\
r lucid dreams, I advise them )Tj
T*
(to follow the same general path: "It's your dream. Try it and see how yo\
u feel afterward. If you listen to )Tj
T*
(your own conscience, you need no other rule." )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 171.81 239.04573 Tm
(Nightmares and Anxiety Reduction )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 202.79094 Tm
(Nightmares, according to Freud, are the result of masochistic wish-fulfi\
llment. The basis of this curious )Tj
T*
(notion was Freud's unshakable conviction that every dream represented th\
e fulfillment of a wish. "I do )Tj
T*
(not know why the dream should not be as varied as thought during the wak\
ing state," wrote Freud, )Tj
T*
(tongue in cheek. "... In one case it would be a fulfilled wish, in anoth\
er a realized fear, or again a )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(reflection persisting into sleep, an intention, or a piece of creative t\
hought.")Tj
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(9)Tj
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( For his own part, Freud )Tj
-30.53815 -1.2 Td
(wrote, "I should have nothing against it. ... There is only a trifling o\
bstacle in the way of this more )Tj
T*
(convenient conception of the dream; it does not happen to reflect realit\
y.")Tj
ET
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432.41202 96.56606 l
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(10)Tj
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( If, for Freud, every dream )Tj
-30.17229 -1.2 Td
(was nothing but the fulfillment of a wish, the same must be true for nig\
htmares: the victims of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(nightmares must )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(secretly wish )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(to be humiliated, tortured, or persecuted. )Tj
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(Since the mirror in which I see reality reflected is different from Freu\
d's, I do not necessarily see every )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dream as the expression of a wish; nor do I view nightmares as masochist\
ic wish-fulfillment, but rather )Tj
T*
(as the unhappy result of unhealthy reactions. The anxiety experienced in\
nightmares can be seen as an )Tj
T*
(indication of the failure of the dream process to function effectively. \
Anxiety arises when we encounter )Tj
T*
(a fear-provoking situation against which our habitual patterns of behavi\
or are useless. If a person )Tj
T*
(experiences a recurring anxiety dream, what he or she obviously needs is\
a new approach for coping )Tj
T*
(with the situation represented by the dream. This may not be easy to fin\
d, since the dream undoubtedly )Tj
T*
(results from unresolved conflicts that the dreamer does not want to face\
in waking life. It may be )Tj
T*
(difficult to fix the nightmare without fixing the personality that gave \
rise to it. But this qualification )Tj
T*
(applies mainly to chronically maladjusted personalities. If you are a re\
latively normal person who has )Tj
T*
(nightmares only occasionally, the prognosis is much more favorable. That\
is, provided you meet a )Tj
T*
(certain requirement\227being willing to take responsibility for your exp\
erience and, in particular, for your )Tj
T*
(dreams. If you fulfill this condition, then an exceedingly powerful tool\
for coping with anxiety dreams is )Tj
T*
(available to you: lucid dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(To find out how lucidity aids the dreamer in working through anxiety-pro\
voking situations, consider the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(following analogy. Let us compare the non-lucid dreamer to a small child\
terrified of the dark. The child )Tj
T*
(really believes there are monsters there. The lucid dreamer would perhap\
s be an older child, still afraid )Tj
T*
(of the dark yet no longer believing that there are really monsters out t\
here. This older child might be )Tj
T*
(afraid, but would know there was nothing to be afraid of, and could mast\
er the fear. Thus it is with the )Tj
T*
(lucid dreamer. Biologically speaking, anxiety serves a special function.\
It results from the simultaneous )Tj
T*
(occurrence of two conditions: one is fear in regard to some situation we\
find threatening; the other is an )Tj
T*
(assessment that an unfavorable outcome is unavoidable. In other words, w\
e experience anxiety when we )Tj
T*
(are afraid of something, and have nothing in our repertoire of learned o\
r habitual behaviors that will help )Tj
T*
(us overcome or evade what we fear. Anxiety functions to prompt us to sca\
n our situations more carefully )Tj
T*
(and reevaluate possible courses of action in search of an overlooked sol\
ution\227in short, to become more )Tj
T*
(conscious. This is likely to be adaptive just because the conclusion tha\
t no habitual behavior will help )Tj
T*
(calls for nonhabitual, intentional, or novel behavior. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(So when we experience anxiety in our dreams, the most adaptive response \
would be to become lucid and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(face the situation in a creative manner. In fact, anxiety does seem to r\
esult fairly frequently in )Tj
T*
(spontaneous lucidity, even in children. It may even be the case that our\
anxiety dreams would )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(always )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
T*
(become lucid, if we were taught about this response. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Regarding the treatment of childhood dream anxiety, Mary Arnold-Forster \
mentioned having helped )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(children overcome nightmares with a touch of lucidity, and I can relate \
a similar experience myself. )Tj
T*
(Once, when I was making long-distance small talk with my niece, I brough\
t out my favorite hobby-horse )Tj
T*
(and inquired, "How are your dreams lately?" Madeleina, then seven years \
old, burst out with the )Tj
T*
(description of a fearful nightmare. She had dreamed that she had gone sw\
imming, as she often did, in the )Tj
T*
(local reservoir. But this time, she had been threatened and terrified by\
a little-girl-eating shark! I )Tj
T*
(sympathized with her fear and added, matter of factly, "But of course yo\
u know there aren't )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(really )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(any )Tj
T*
(sharks in Colorado." She replied, "Of course not!" So I continued, "Well\
, since you know there aren't )Tj
ET
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(file:///C|/share/share_topics/LD/\(ebook-HTML\) Stephen LaBerge - Lucid \
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(really any sharks where you swim, if you ever see one there again, it wo\
uld be because you were )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0 -1.2 TD
(dreaming. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(And, of course, a dream shark can't really do you any harm. It's only fr\
ightening if you don't )Tj
T*
(know that it's a dream. But once you )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(do )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(know that you're dreaming, you can do whatever you like\227you )Tj
T*
(could even make friends with the dream shark, if you wanted to! Why not \
give it a try?" Madeleina )Tj
T*
(seemed intrigued and soon proved that she had bitten the bait. A week la\
ter, she telephoned to announce )Tj
T*
(proudly, "Do you know what I did? )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(I rode on the back of the shark!" )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Whether this approach to children's )Tj
T*
(nightmares always produces such impressive results I have no way of know\
ing, but it is certainly worth )Tj
T*
(exploring. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Is there any evidence that lucid dreaming in this manner leads to any la\
sting benefits? I believe there is, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(and my own earlier experiences fit this pattern. Anxiety appeared to lea\
d to lucidity in thirty-six percent )Tj
T*
(of my first year's lucid dreams \(sixty percent during the first six mon\
ths.\) In contrast, by the second year, )Tj
T*
(anxiety was present when I recognized that I was dreaming in only about \
nineteen percent of my lucid )Tj
T*
(dreams. During the third year, anxiety appeared in only five percent, an\
d in one percent or less in the )Tj
T*
(following four years. I attribute the decrease in the number and proport\
ion of anxiety dreams to my )Tj
T*
(practice of resolving conflicts during lucid dreams. This reduction seem\
s especially impressive in light )Tj
T*
(of the fact that my life has become )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(much )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(more stressful and demanding in the latter years. If something )Tj
T*
(weren't resolving the stress of my daily life, I would be experiencing w\
aking anxiety with concomitant )Tj
T*
(increases in dream anxiety. It may therefore be the case that lasting be\
nefit comes from "responsible" )Tj
T*
(lucid dreaming of the sort I have been practicing\227facing and dealing \
directly with dream conflict and )Tj
T*
(anxiety in lucid dreams can result in more adaptive behaviors while asle\
ep and perhaps while awake. In )Tj
T*
(regard to my lucid dreams, I believe there is a convincing argument that\
this is so. First, suppose it were )Tj
T*
(not. Suppose, on the contrary, that facing my fears and loving my dream \
enemies was an ineffective\227or )Tj
T*
(worse, unhealthy\227activity. If this were the case, I should have found\
that I was continuing to have as )Tj
T*
(many or even more anxiety dreams than before. Even if my methods of so-c\
alled "self-integration" were )Tj
T*
(merely harmless palliatives\227putting, as it were, a bandage on the dre\
am\227still there would be no reason )Tj
T*
(to expect improvement. Yet the fact is that my lucid dreams became signi\
ficantly more anxiety-free )Tj
T*
(from one year to the next. Obviously, I was doing )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(something )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(right. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Yet someone could reasonably object that I have merely learned not to be\
come lucid during anxiety )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreams. This is by no means a far-fetched objection; however, it fails t\
o account for all the relevant )Tj
T*
(facts. First of all, the dreamer is always supposed to awaken from the c\
lassical anxiety dream. According )Tj
T*
(to Freud, the function of anxiety in a dream is to wake the dreamer when\
ever the going gets too rough. )Tj
T*
(Thus we would not expect a dreamer to sleep through the worst of his nig\
htmares. But in my case, as I )Tj
T*
(explained earlier, I have learned to utilize anxiety itself as an )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(infallible )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(lucidity cue. In the past six years, )Tj
T*
(I have not been awakened once from a dream by anxiety, as should have ha\
ppened if I were having non-)Tj
T*
(lucid nightmares. During this period, sufficient anxiety has always led \
to my awakening )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(in )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(my dream )Tj
T*
(rather than from it, thereby affording me the opportunity to face my fea\
rs and resolve my conflicts. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This is a very important potential of lucid dreaming, since when we "esc\
ape" from a nightmare by )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(awakening, we have not dealt with the problem of our fear or our frighte\
ning dream, but merely relieved )Tj
T*
(the fear temporarily and repressed the fearful dream. Thus we are left w\
ith an unresolved conflict as well )Tj
T*
(as negative and unhealthy feelings. On the other hand, staying with the \
nightmare and accepting its )Tj
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(challenge, as lucidity makes possible, allows us to resolve the dream pr\
oblem in a fashion that leaves us )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(more healthy than before. So if, as I have suggested, healing was the or\
iginal intent of the dream that )Tj
T*
(became a nightmare, lucidity can aid the redemption of the dream gone wr\
ong. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The flexibility and self-confidence that lucidity brings in its wake gre\
atly enhances the dreamer's ability )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(to master situations presented by dreams. I believe the habit of flexibi\
lity to be well worth developing in )Tj
T*
(lucid dreams. In addition to being highly effective in the dream world, \
it is also generally applicable in )Tj
T*
(the waking world. Indeed, it may at times be the only course of action o\
pen to you. In most situations, it )Tj
T*
(would be unrealistic to expect other people to change in the ways you ma\
y want them to. You cannot )Tj
T*
(always, or even often, get others to do what you want; you may not even \
be able to prevent them from )Tj
T*
(doing exactly what you )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(don't )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(want. Nonetheless, at every moment, whether dreaming or waking, you )Tj
T*
(have the power to reframe the way you see the circumstances you find you\
rself in. You define your own )Tj
T*
(experience. Who and how you want to be, how much and which part of yours\
elves you choose to bring )Tj
T*
(to the situation you are confronted with: the choice is yours. Finally, \
if in spite of what I have said, you )Tj
T*
(still think that it is external events that determine your outlook on li\
fe, reflect on the following couplet: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(Two men looked out prison bars;)Tj
T*
(One saw mud, the other stars. )Tj
-2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(It is often not so obvious which outlook or course of action is best. Li\
fe often presents us with difficult )Tj
T*
(decisions, and as it happens, lucidity may help us to choose wisely. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 242.26501 373.44574 Tm
(Decision Making )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 337.19092 Tm
(Of course, decision making is only a problem when there is uncertainty a\
bout the information involved. )Tj
T*
(Otherwise, the optimal choice is clear-cut. So how might lucid dreams he\
lp you to make effective )Tj
T*
(\("correct"\) decisions under conditions of uncertainty? )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In order to answer this question, we must make a short digression and di\
scuss two distinct varieties of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(knowledge. To take the lesser first, there is knowledge you know that yo\
u know, and can spell out )Tj
T*
(explicitly, such as how to add a pair of numbers or what your name is. T\
his is called explicit knowledge. )Tj
T*
(The second kind of knowledge, sometimes called "tacit" knowledge, refers\
both to what you know how )Tj
T*
(to do but can't spell out \(how to walk or talk\), and to what you know,\
but don't know that you know \(say, )Tj
T*
(the color of your first-grade teacher's eyes\). This latter form of know\
ing has been demonstrated by )Tj
T*
(recognition tests in which the individual thinks he or she is only guess\
ing, but in fact does better than )Tj
T*
(chance would allow. Of the two kinds of knowledge, the "tacit" variety i\
s incontestably the more )Tj
T*
(extensive: we know much more than we realize we know. As an aside, an ar\
gument can be made that in )Tj
T*
(nonlinguistic animals, such as a cat or dog, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(all )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(knowledge is tacit. There was also a time when, as a )Tj
T*
(newborn infant, you couldn't put anything you knew into words. It is eas\
y to see that linguistic, )Tj
T*
("explicit" knowledge develops within a context of tacit knowledge and is\
ultimately dependent upon it. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(A similar distinction may apply to "thinking" and "intuition." But the i\
mportant point for us to realize in )Tj
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(Lucid Dreaming)Tj
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(relation to problem solving is that under conditions of uncertainty, the\
intuitive process\227drawing as it )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(does on the broader information bases of tacit knowledge\227is likely to\
have a certain advantage over )Tj
T*
(directed, conscious thinking. Here is where the connection with dreams c\
omes in. Everyone has had the )Tj
T*
(experience of dreaming about a person they've met only once, yet in a dr\
eam produced an amazing )Tj
T*
(likeness of that person, much better than anything they could have done \
while awake, with pencil and )Tj
T*
(paper or with words. The explanation for this phenomenon is tacit knowle\
dge. In our dreams we can )Tj
T*
(draw upon the entire store of our knowledge; we are no longer limited to\
the tiny portion that we have )Tj
T*
(conscious access to. What I am proposing is that we take advantage of ou\
r broadest data base in lucid )Tj
T*
(dreams to assist us in making optimal decisions. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 208.14807 581.64575 Tm
(Creative Problem Solving )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 545.39093 Tm
(As we saw in Chapter 1, there have been many instances of creative dream\
s in art and science. We will )Tj
T*
(examine here two examples in sufficient detail to illustrate the role pl\
ayed by dreams in the creative )Tj
T*
(process. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(First, let us consider the case of the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev,\
who had been working for years )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(to discover a way of classifying the elements according to their atomic \
weights. One night in 1869, he )Tj
T*
(fell into bed exhausted after devoting many long hours to the problem. L\
ater that night, Mendeleev "saw )Tj
T*
(in a dream a table where all the elements fell into place as required." \
Upon awakening, he immediately )Tj
T*
(wrote down the table just as he remembered it. Amazingly, Mendeleev repo\
rted that "only in one place )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(did a correction later seem necessary.")Tj
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( Thus was the periodic table of the elements, a fundamental )Tj
-16.11729 -1.2 Td
(discovery of modern physics, first brought forth. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Let us take another example of creative dreaming. Elias Howe, the invent\
or of the sewing machine, had )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(worked on his idea for years before attaining success. )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(... Howe had been making the needles of his early failures with a hole i\
n the middle of the )Tj
T*
(shank. His brain was busy with the invention day and night and even when\
he slept. One )Tj
T*
(night he dreamed, so the story goes, that he was captured by a tribe of \
savages who took )Tj
T*
(him a prisoner before their king. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
("Elias Howe," roared the monarch, "I command you on pain of death to fin\
ish this )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(machine at once." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Cold sweat poured down his brow, his hands shook with fear, his knees qu\
aked. Try as he )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(would, the inventor could not get the missing figure in the problem over\
which he had )Tj
T*
(worked so long. All this was so real to him that he cried aloud. In the \
vision he saw )Tj
T*
(himself surrounded by dark-skinned and painted warriors, who formed a ho\
llow square )Tj
T*
(about him and led him to the place of execution. Suddenly he noticed tha\
t near the heads )Tj
T*
(of the spears which his guards carried, there were eye-shaped holes! He \
had solved the )Tj
T*
(secret! What he needed was a needle with an eye near the point! He awoke\
from his )Tj
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(dream, sprang out of bed, and at once made a whittled model of the eye-p\
ointed needle, )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(with which he brought his experiments to a successful close.)Tj
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( )Tj
-27.79044 -2.55714 Td
(The experiences of Mendeleev and Howe provide excellent and dramatic ill\
ustrations of how creative )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(problem solving works. The process is commonly divided into four stages.\
The first is )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(preparation, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(a )Tj
T*
(phase of intense activity in which information is gathered, various unsu\
ccessful approaches tried, and )Tj
T*
(preliminary attempts made to solve the problem. Mendeleev and Howe had a\
lready been through this )Tj
T*
(stage during the years they devoted to their respective problems. The ne\
xt phase, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(incubation, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(begins )Tj
T*
(when the person gives up actively trying to solve the problem. For Howe \
and Mendeleev, this phase was )Tj
T*
(clearly in effect when they fell asleep and forgot their obsessions. If \
would-be problem solvers have )Tj
T*
("done their homework"\227prepared themselves correctly\227they may be re\
warded by the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(illumination )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
T*
(phase, in which the solution suddenly arrives unbidden. For Mendeleev an\
d Howe, this literally meant )Tj
T*
(their dreams had come true. Finally comes the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(verification )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(phase, in which the viability of the solution is )Tj
T*
(tested. For the Russian, this merely meant readjusting the position of a\
single element; for the American, )Tj
T*
(the modification of the needle design on his machine. As we have seen in\
these examples, the dream )Tj
T*
(seems most suited to play a role in the illumination phase of the creati\
ve process. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Illumination is also the part of the creative process over which we have\
the least amount of control. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Preparation is a matter of working, and "incubation" of )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(not )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(working; verification is a fairly )Tj
T*
(straightforward process. The difficult question seems to be how to get t\
hrough the third stage. Lucid )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(dreaming may provide an answer, and thus facilitate creative problem sol\
ving. Since we have access in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(our dreams to much more knowledge than we know that we know, perhaps we \
gain access to this )Tj
T*
(knowledge when we become lucid. In the past, we had no way to ensure whe\
n, or even if, a creative )Tj
T*
(dream might occur. It is possible that through lucid dreaming the extrao\
rdinary but heretofore unreliable )Tj
T*
(creativity of the dream state could at last be brought under our conscio\
us control. There is a little )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(evidence available supporting this intriguing possibility. I myself have\
used lucid dreams for creative )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(purposes in two areas: once I was able to effectively edit and alter the\
final form of my Ph.D. )Tj
T*
(dissertation; and on other occasions, I successfully used lucid dreams t\
o generate images for etchings )Tj
T*
(and other graphic artwork. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(It doesn't seem to matter what the specific nature of the problem at han\
d is. Sometimes it is even a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(physical one, involving the improvement of motor skills. Jack Nicklaus s\
aw the solution to a )Tj
T*
(problematic golf swing in a dream. After winning a number of championshi\
ps, he had found himself in )Tj
T*
(an embarrassing slump, but when he regained his championship form seemin\
gly overnight, a reporter )Tj
T*
(asked him how he had done it. Nicklaus replied: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(I've been trying everything to find out what has been wrong. It was gett\
ing to the place )Tj
T*
(where I figured a 76 was a pretty good round. But last Wednesday night I\
had a dream and )Tj
T*
(it was about my golf swing. I was hitting them pretty good in the dream \
and all at once I )Tj
T*
(realized I wasn't holding the club the way I've actually been holding it\
lately. I've been )Tj
T*
(having trouble collapsing my right arm taking the club head away from th\
e ball, but I was )Tj
T*
(doing it perfectly in my sleep. So when I came to the course yesterday m\
orning, I tried it )Tj
ET
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9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
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ET
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14 0 0 14 50 753.97552 Tm
(the way I did in my dream and it worked. I shot a 68 yesterday and a 65 \
today and believe )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(me it's a lot more fun this way. I feel kind of foolish admitting it, bu\
t it really happened in )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(a dream. All I had to do was change my grip just a little.)Tj
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( )Tj
-26.09644 -2.55714 Td
(Nicklaus's confession that he felt foolish admitting it really happened \
in a dream suggests that there may )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(be others with similar experiences who have never mentioned the source o\
f their inspiration. In fact, it is )Tj
T*
(a little surprising to read about a case reported by Ann Faraday in whic\
h a gynecologist "discovered how )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(to tie a surgical knot deep in the pelvis with his left hand\227while dr\
eaming!")Tj
ET
439.16998 628.75067 m
449.16998 628.75067 l
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( )Tj
-31.36929 -2.55714 Td
(Among the many letters I have received from lucid dreamers, there are si\
milar anecdotes of motor skills )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(perfected in dreams. One lucid dreamer claims to have improved her hocke\
y skating in a lucid dream. )Tj
T*
(Tanya writes that she was a fair skater, but something inside told her s\
he was holding back\227that there )Tj
T*
(was much more to skating than the way she was doing it. And then one nig\
ht, in a lucid dream, she )Tj
T*
(experienced "complete skating." )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(In the dream I was in a rink with a number of other people. We were play\
ing hockey and I )Tj
T*
(was skating in the manner I always had, competent yet hesitant. At that \
moment I realized )Tj
T*
(I was dreaming so I told myself to allow my higher knowledge to take ove\
r my )Tj
T*
(consciousness. I surrendered to the quality of complete skating. Instant\
ly there was no )Tj
T*
(more fear, no more holding back and I was skating like a pro, feeling as\
free as a bird. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The next time I went skating I decided to experiment and try this surren\
der technique. I )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(brought back the quality of that dream experience into my wakened state.\
I remembered )Tj
T*
(how I was feeling during the dream and so in the manner of an actor in a\
role, I "became" )Tj
T*
(the complete skater once again. So I hit the ice ... and my feet followe\
d my heart. I was )Tj
T*
(free on the ice. That occurred about two and one-half years ago. I've sk\
ated with that )Tj
T*
(freedom ever since and this phenomenon has manifested itself in my rolle\
rskating and )Tj
T*
(skiing as well. )Tj
-2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(Closely related to these mental "practice" dreams are those that serve a\
rehearsal function. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 267.3923 203.94884 Tm
(Rehearsal )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 167.69405 Tm
(Most readers have probably experienced instances of the rehearsal functi\
on of dreams. By dreaming )Tj
T*
(about a significant event in advance, we can try out various approaches,\
attitudes, and behaviors, )Tj
T*
(perhaps arriving at a more effective course of action than we otherwise \
would have. We may also be )Tj
T*
(forewarned, by the dream, of certain aspects in a future situation that \
we might otherwise not be )Tj
T*
(conscious of. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(One of my own lucid dreams offers a clear illustration of the utility of\
previewing "coming attractions." )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(A month before the 1981 meeting of the APSS, I dreamed I was at the drea\
m symposium in )Tj
ET
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14 0 0 14 10 753.97552 Tm
(Hyannisport. I was scheduled to give my lecture after the next speaker, \
who was just being announced. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(My heart skipped a beat when )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(I )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(was introduced as the next speaker, because even at this late stage I wa\
s )Tj
T*
(unprepared. I was given a brief reprieve when the sequencing mistake was\
corrected, and I hastily )Tj
T*
(looked for my notes. My anxiety increased when I couldn't find them. But\
in a real emergency, I knew I )Tj
T*
(could always talk from my slides. As I looked through them to organize w\
hat I was going to say, I found )Tj
T*
(I had brought the wrong slides. These were my art slides, not my science\
ones! I was panic-stricken\227)Tj
T*
(but only for a moment, because almost at once I realized I was dreaming.\
My anxiety vanished instantly, )Tj
T*
(and I literally leapt for joy, spinning above the audience and announcin\
g, "This is a lucid dream!" When )Tj
T*
(I awoke, I was very glad I had a lot more than ten minutes to prepare my\
lecture! Up until then, I had )Tj
T*
(been planning to wait a few weeks before working on it, but my lucid dre\
am motivated me to begin at )Tj
T*
(once, and it turned out that the month I spent was just enough. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In 1975 Dr. William Dement confessed that his "wildest speculation [was]\
that REM sleep and dreaming )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(might have evolved to be utilized in the future." He prophesied that "th\
e eventual function of dreaming )Tj
T*
(will be to allow man to experience the many alternatives of the future i\
n the quasi-reality of the dream, )Tj
T*
(and so make a more 'informed' choice." One of Dement's own dreams provid\
es a striking illustration of )Tj
T*
(how effective this can be: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(Some years ago I was a heavy cigarette smoker\227up to two packs a day. \
Then one night I )Tj
T*
(had an exceptionally vivid and realistic dream in which I had inoperable\
cancer of the )Tj
T*
(lung. I remember as though it were yesterday looking at the ominous shad\
ow in my chest )Tj
T*
(X-ray and realizing that the entire right lung was infiltrated. The subs\
equent physical )Tj
T*
(examination in which a colleague detected widespread metastases in my ax\
illary and )Tj
T*
(inguinal lymph nodes was equally vivid. Finally, I experienced the incre\
dible anguish of )Tj
T*
(knowing my life was soon to end, that I would never see my children grow\
up, and that )Tj
T*
(none of this would have happened if I had quit cigarettes when I first l\
earned of their )Tj
T*
(carcinogenic potential. I will never forget the surprise, joy, and exqui\
site relief of waking )Tj
T*
(up. I felt I was reborn. Needless to say, the experience was sufficient \
to induce an )Tj
T*
(immediate cessation of my cigarette habit. This dream had both anticipat\
ed the problem, )Tj
T*
(and solved it in a way that may be a dream's unique privilege. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Only the dream can allow us to experience a future alternative as if it \
were real, and )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(thereby to provide a supremely enlightened motivation to act upon this k\
nowledge.)Tj
ET
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( )Tj
-36.79044 -2.55714 Td
(It would be the rare smoker who would continue smoking after such a drea\
m! One wonders how many )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(victims of lung cancer could have been saved by a dream preview of that \
likely outcome of their )Tj
T*
(nicotine habit. Yet one also wonders how many smokers would choose to ha\
ve such a dream if it )Tj
T*
(became possible for them to do so. How many of us have the courage to fa\
ce the possibilities of the )Tj
T*
(future? )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The recent movie )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Dreamscape )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(presents a striking variation of Dement's life-changing dream. In the fi\
lm, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the president of the United States is plagued by gruesomely vivid nightm\
ares on the theme of nuclear )Tj
ET
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/Artifact <>BDC
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/T1_0 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
(file:///C|/share/share_topics/LD/\(ebook-HTML\) Stephen LaBerge - Lucid \
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(Lucid Dreaming)Tj
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14 0 0 14 10 753.97552 Tm
(war. His dreams portray the postwar horrors so realistically that he is \
personally motivated to go to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Geneva to negotiate a disarmament treaty with the Soviet Union. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Today, humanity seems poised between the ostrich and the eagle. Regardle\
ss of whether we choose to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(face the fact or not, the ecological and political situation of this pla\
net will force enormous changes upon )Tj
T*
(humanity within the next century. Among the future alternatives are such\
extremes as have been termed )Tj
T*
("utopia or oblivion." Certainly the planetary situation is one of unprec\
edented complexity. And just as )Tj
T*
(certainly, what is needed is unprecedented vision: both to avoid the aby\
smal catastrophe of nuclear war, )Tj
T*
(and to find the path to true humanity. With the future to gain, and noth\
ing to lose, we shouldn't fear to )Tj
T*
(take our heads out of the sand and into the dream, for dreams may have m\
uch to contribute here \(for )Tj
T*
(example, novel and creative solutions not thought of during waking life\)\
. But before this dream comes )Tj
T*
(true, we will certainly need to increase our understanding of dream cont\
rol greatly. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Since lucidity seems to provide the key to dream control, it seems reaso\
nable to expect that attaining the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(goal of intentional dreaming will require considerable advances in the a\
rt and science of lucid dreaming. )Tj
T*
(It may even seem unlikely that such an advanced degree of proficiency in\
dream control is possible. We )Tj
T*
(know of no Western lucid dreamer more experienced than Saint-Denys, and \
he wrote that he had "never )Tj
T*
(managed to follow and master all the phases of a dream," adding that he \
had "never even attempted it." )Tj
T*
(However, some things "impossible" to the West are\227like the rising of \
the sun\227natural to the East. And )Tj
T*
(indeed, when seeking the source of light, we should look eastward. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(According to William Blake, "The philosophy of the east taught the first\
principles of human )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(perception ..." Regarding dream control, the existence of a 1200-year-ol\
d Tibetan "inner guidebook," )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
T*
(The Yoga of the Dream State, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(testifies to the accuracy of Blake's assertion. One of the practices it \
)Tj
T*
(describes is referred to as "transmuting the dream content." With this t\
echnique, the yogi is able to visit )Tj
T*
(any realm of creation he desires to see. Not that the yogis attached par\
ticular significance to this activity, )Tj
T*
(but it does serve as a test of proficiency through which the aspirant mu\
st pass before continuing to the )Tj
T*
(next stage on the path toward enlightenment. I shall say more about this\
in Chapter 10, but the relevance )Tj
T*
(here is simply to support the possibility of highly developed dream cont\
rol. This would also make )Tj
T*
(feasible the fulfillment of another potential of lucid dreaming, to whic\
h we now turn. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
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(Wish Fulfillment )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 185.99094 Tm
("Pleasant dreams!" Thus we bid each other goodnight. According to variou\
s surveys, however, most )Tj
T*
(dreams are unpleasant. That is, of course, non-lucid dreams. As for luci\
d dreams, the opposite is )Tj
T*
(probably true. Many lucid dreamers have remarked on the emotionally rewa\
rding nature of the )Tj
T*
(experience, since the lucid dreamer is free to act out impulses that mig\
ht be impossible in the waking )Tj
T*
(state. For example, we might fly, meet anyone we like from all of histor\
y, or indulge in any sexual )Tj
T*
(adventures. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Patricia Garfield, as we have seen, has gone so far as to propose that l\
ucid dreams are intrinsically )Tj
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(orgasmic. She further speculated that during lucid dreaming, the reward \
or "ecstatic" centers of the brain )Tj
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(Lucid Dreaming)Tj
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(are stimulated. This speculation may actually have some basis in fact, s\
ince neurophysiologists)Tj
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( have )Tj
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(found evidence linking the neural circuits of REM sleep with the brain's\
"reward" system. It may be that )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(in certain circumstances, lucid dreaming facilitates activity in this la\
tter system. Whatever the )Tj
T*
(neurophysiological case, lucid dreams are pleasurable experiences. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The lucid dream state might one day prove to be an ideal vacation site\227\
a sort of poor man's Tahiti, a )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0 -1.2 TD
(real )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
("Fantasy Island." Lucid dreams could provide matchless recreation for th\
ose of us needing to get )Tj
T*
(away from it all. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(At the same time, lucid dreaming could provide the handicapped and other\
disadvantaged people with )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the nearest thing to fulfilling their impossible dreams. Paralytics coul\
d walk again in their dreams, to say )Tj
T*
(nothing of dancing and flying, and even experience emotionally fulfillin\
g erotic fantasies. Thus sings the )Tj
T*
(contralto in Handel's )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Messiah:)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
( )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(Then shall the eyes of the blind be opened,)Tj
T*
(and the ears of the deaf unstopped.)Tj
T*
(Then shall the lame man leap as an hart,)Tj
T*
(and the tongue of the dumb shall sing! )Tj
-2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(It is the possibility of dream control more than any other potential app\
lication of lucid dreaming that )Tj
T*
(seems to have captured the fancy and imagination of many people. By way \
of illustration, a recent )Tj
T*
(article on dream control concluded with these terms of unrestrained enth\
usiasm: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(The keys to unimaginable power are within the reach of the entire terres\
trial population. I )Tj
T*
(am certain that the next leap for our species will not be launched from \
the factories of )Tj
T*
(physical technology, but from the night flights of creative dreamers. Th\
ink about the )Tj
T*
(possibilities. An erotic encounter of unprecedented intensity with the m\
ost desirable )Tj
T*
(woman you can imagine. A visit to an island paradise where intelligent n\
atives sing )Tj
T*
(solutions to your everyday problems. In one night, you could philosophiz\
e with Aristotle, )Tj
T*
(joke with W. C. Fields, talk investments with J. P. Morgan and work out \
on the horizontal )Tj
T*
(bar with Nadia Comaneci ... Even if only remotely possible, the idea of \
controlling our )Tj
T*
(dreams seems well worth pursuing. Sensual pleasure, inner wisdom, emotio\
nal )Tj
T*
(tranquillity, extrasensory perception or even a hot tip for the seventh \
at Belmont\227)Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(whatever the quest, the answer may be waiting for you just beyond the bo\
rders of sleep.)Tj
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(Dreaming: Function and Meaning)Tj
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(Why do we have dreams, and what do they mean? For centuries these questi\
ons have been the subject of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(a debate that has recently become a heated controversy. In one camp we h\
ave a number of prominent )Tj
T*
(scientists who argue that we dream for )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(physiological )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(reasons alone, and that dreams are essentially )Tj
T*
(mental nonsense devoid of psychological meaning: "a tale told by an idio\
t, full of sound and fury, )Tj
T*
(signifying nothing." The idea that dreams are nothing more than "meaning\
less biology" sounds absurd )Tj
T*
(and rather blasphemous to the opposing camp, a coalition of Freudians an\
d other dream workers )Tj
T*
(committed to the view that we dream for )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(psychological )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(reasons, and that dreams always contain )Tj
T*
(important information about the self that can be extracted by various me\
thods of interpretation. This )Tj
T*
(camp takes its credo from the Talmudic aphorism: "An uninterpreted dream\
is like an unopened letter." )Tj
T*
(A third camp occupies the middle ground, believing that both sides' extr\
eme positions on the function )Tj
T*
(and meaning of dreams are partly right and partly wrong. Proponents of t\
he middle way argue that )Tj
T*
(dreams may have both physiological and psychological determinants, and t\
herefore can be either )Tj
T*
(meaningful or meaningless, varying greatly in terms of psychological sig\
nificance. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This middle position is where I find myself most comfortable. I agree wi\
th Sir Richard Burton that )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(Truth is the shattered mirror strewn in myriad bits;)Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(while each believes his little bit the whole to own. )Tj
-2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(Perhaps, however, we may be able to put together enough of the pieces to\
reflect the reality of dreams )Tj
T*
(reasonably well. Although people have argued for centuries over whether \
dreams represent the addled )Tj
T*
(children of an idle brain, the heaven-sent embodiment of wisdom, or some\
thing in between, we will )Tj
T*
(confine our discussion to "scientific" theories of dreaming at least as \
modern as the twentieth century. )Tj
T*
(So, then, let us start with Dr. Sigmund Freud. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
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(The Interpretation of Dreams Revisited )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
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(If we are to understand Freud's view of the dream, we need to consider h\
is concept of the dreamer's )Tj
T*
(brain. We know today that the nervous system contains two types of nerve\
cells: excitatory and )Tj
T*
(inhibitory. Both types discharge and transmit electrochemical impulses t\
o other neurons. Both do this )Tj
T*
(spontaneously, without any kind of outside stimuli, as well as when they\
themselves receive excitatory )Tj
T*
(impulses from other cells. However, one critical difference between thes\
e two types of neurons is that )Tj
T*
(the excitatory type transmits impulses to other neurons that cause incre\
ased nervous activity, or )Tj
T*
("excitation," in them. The inhibitory type sends messages to other neuro\
ns that cause decreased activity, )Tj
T*
(or "inhibition." The human brain is an unimaginably complex network of i\
ntricate interconnections )Tj
T*
(between billions of each type of neuron. Generally, the inhibitory neuro\
ns play a more important role in )Tj
T*
(the higher functions of the brain. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Before developing his theory of dreams, Freud had studied neurobiology i\
ntensively. But in his time, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(only the process of excitation had been discovered; the process of inhib\
ition was not yet known. Based )Tj
T*
(on the assumption of a completely excitatory nervous system, Freud reaso\
ned that nervous, or in his )Tj
T*
(terms, "psychic," energy could therefore only be discharged by means of \
motor action. This meant that )Tj
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(once you got a notion in your head, it was doomed to run around in there\
forever until you finally )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(decided to do something about it. Or, alternatively, until it found a wa\
y to trick you into unconsciously )Tj
T*
(expressing it in some unintended action\227like the famous "Freudian sli\
p." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This older view of the nervous system has been caricatured as a "cat on \
a hot tin roof" model, "with the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(persistent internal drives generating blasts of energy that keep the ego\
and conscious system in frenzied )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(movement.")Tj
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( We know today that a nervous system of this sort, if it could exist at \
all, would erupt into )Tj
-5.23714 -1.2 Td
(uncontrolled seizure activity. However, given the state of knowledge at \
his time, Freud's view of the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(unconscious mind as a cauldron seething with socially unacceptable impul\
ses and desires appears )Tj
T*
(perfectly reasonable, and likewise, his theory of dreaming can readily b\
e seen to follow from it. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Let us imagine what might have happened if you were somehow able to ask \
the master himself why you )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(had a particular dream. Freud, we may speculate, might have answered som\
ething like this: "In the first )Tj
T*
(place, we may be sure that something happened to you a day or two before\
the dream and that this 'day )Tj
T*
(residue'\227as we call it\227stirred up one of the many repressed wishes\
that you try to keep closeted away )Tj
T*
(in your unconscious. But when you drifted off to sleep with no other wis\
h in your conscious mind than )Tj
T*
(to sleep, you withdrew your attention from the external world, setting t\
he stage for your day residue and )Tj
T*
(associated unconscious wish to step forward, demanding satisfaction. All\
this requires the cooperation of )Tj
T*
(the chief executive of your conscious mind, the ego. But because your pa\
ir of supplicants were not, let )Tj
T*
(us say, 'dressed in a socially acceptable manner,' they were at first de\
nied admission to your conscious )Tj
T*
(mind. And that was as it should be! It is the special function of the ga\
tekeeper to prevent unruly and )Tj
T*
(unacceptable impulses, memories, and thoughts from disturbing your ego's\
conscious mind. The )Tj
T*
(gatekeeper, which we psychoanalysts call the 'censor,' is able to do his\
job with the help of a big stick we )Tj
T*
(call 'repression,' by means of which these impulses, memories, and thoug\
hts that conflict with personal )Tj
T*
(and social standards of behavior are banished from the conscious mind, a\
long with the painful emotions )Tj
T*
(and memories associated with the conflict. Since the repressed contents \
cannot be banished entirely, )Tj
T*
(they settle to the bottom of your unconscious mind, where they simmer an\
d seethe like a witches' )Tj
T*
(cauldron. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
("But now and then, by the power of association, the events of the preced\
ing day dredge up these )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(repressed wishes. Naturally, they seek a way to achieve even partial ful\
fillment. That is what your day )Tj
T*
(residue and repressed wish were doing, knocking on the door of the ego. \
However, after the censor )Tj
T*
(threw them out, the vulgar pair, knowing nothing of manners, continued t\
o clamor for admission, raising )Tj
T*
(such a ruckus as to threaten your precious sleep and thereby frustrate y\
our ego's only conscious wish. )Tj
T*
(Fortunately, you were able to continue to sleep, thanks to )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(your dream )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(doing its job. As we say, 'Dreams )Tj
T*
(are the guardians of sleep.' Across the border, in your unconscious mind\
, a special process that we call )Tj
T*
('dreamwork' constructed a disguise for your repressed wish, made out of \
'acceptable' imagery linked to it )Tj
T*
(by association. Thus, transformed into a superficially presentable image\
, your wish was able to get by )Tj
T*
(the censor and find expression in your dreams. And that is why," Dr. Fre\
ud might well have concluded, )Tj
T*
("you had that dream, and please note that your dream killed two birds wi\
th one stone: while preserving )Tj
T*
(your sleep, it also allowed the discharge of one of your repressed insti\
nctual impulses. That all this was a )Tj
T*
(good thing seems undeniable. I need hardly add that we regard it as axio\
matic that the nervous system )Tj
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(obeys the 'nirvana' principle, forever seeking the reduction of tension \
and the ultimate cessation of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(action." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In some ways, of course, this aspect of psychoanalysis has strong parall\
els with Buddhism and other )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Eastern doctrines. But that brings us no closer to answering the origina\
l question, and you might well )Tj
T*
(ask again: "But what did my dream )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(mean? )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Or was it just nonsense?" In that case, Freud would probably )Tj
T*
(have explained, "Every dream has some hidden meaning; the manifest conte\
nt of the disguised dream )Tj
T*
(\(the dream itself\) was the result of the dreamwork's transformations o\
f the undisguised wish \(the latent )Tj
T*
(content of the dream\). Therefore, in order to interpret your dream, it \
should simply be necessary to )Tj
T*
(reverse the process. Since the dream disguised the latent content with i\
mages closely associated with the )Tj
T*
(original wish, we can uncover the hidden message by reasoning backward f\
rom the image through a )Tj
T*
(process of interpretation known as 'free association.' " If you had drea\
med, let us say, that you were )Tj
T*
(locking a door, Freud would have asked you, "What is the first thing tha\
t comes into your mind in )Tj
T*
(connection with the word 'lock?' "If you said, "Key," Freud would contin\
ue, "Key?" And perhaps you )Tj
T*
(would reply, "Tree." This, as you can see, might go on forever, except t\
hat Freud would probably have )Tj
T*
(interrupted the process at this point and drawn on his knowledge of drea\
m symbolism \(key in lock ...\) )Tj
T*
(explaining that your dream expressed a wish to engage in sex! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In other words, Freud believed that the function of dreaming was to allo\
w the discharge of repressed )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(impulses in such a way as to preserve sleep, and that the instigating fo\
rce causing dreams to occur was )Tj
T*
(always an instinctual, unconscious wish. Freud considered these unconsci\
ous wishes to be )Tj
T*
(predominantly sexual in nature. In his "Introductory lectures on psychoa\
nalysis," he wrote: "Though the )Tj
T*
(number of symbols is large, the number of subjects symbolized is not lar\
ge. In dreams those pertaining )Tj
T*
(to sexual life are the overwhelming majority. . . . They represent the m\
ost primitive ideas and interests )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(imaginable.")Tj
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( In any case, insofar as the instigating force behind every dream was an\
unconscious wish)Tj
-5.45914 -1.2 Td
(\227whether sexual or otherwise\227it follows from Freudian theory that \
every dream contained meaningful )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(messages in disguised form: the original wish or "dream thought." The fa\
ct that all dreams contained )Tj
T*
(unacceptable and unpleasant wishes explained why dreams are so regularly\
and so easily forgotten. This )Tj
T*
(was because, reasoned Freud, they were \(deliberately\) repressed: black\
listed by the ego and sent by the )Tj
T*
(censor to the bottom of the swamp of the unconscious. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(We know today, thanks to thirty years of dream research, that dreams are\
not instigated by wishes or )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(other psychological forces, but by a periodic or automatic biological pr\
ocess: REM sleep. If dreams are )Tj
T*
(not triggered by unconscious wishes, we can no longer assume that these \
wishes play any role in dreams )Tj
T*
(at all, and, even worse for the Freudian concept of meaning, we can no l\
onger automatically assume that )Tj
T*
(every\227or even any\227dream has meaning! This is not all the news that\
recent neuroscience has for )Tj
T*
(Freud, but let us save the bad news for the next section. The good news \
for Freud is this: every period of )Tj
T*
(dreaming sleep is accompanied by sexual arousal, as indicated in males b\
y erections and in females by )Tj
T*
(increased vaginal blood flow. Had Freud lived to hear of this phenomenon\
, he would almost certainly )Tj
T*
(have regarded it as a complete vindication of his belief that at the bot\
tom of every, or almost every, )Tj
T*
(dream was sex. )Tj
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(The Activation-Synthesis Model of Dreaming )Tj
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14 0 0 14 10 715.59094 Tm
(In 1977, doctors Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley of Harvard University \
presented a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(neurophysiological model of the dream process that seriously challenged \
Freud's theory on virtually )Tj
T*
(every point. In a paper they published in the )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(American Journal of Psychiatry, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
("The Brain and a Dream )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(State Generator: An Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis of the Dream Process\
,")Tj
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( they suggested that the )Tj
-31.23314 -1.2 Td
(occurrence of dreaming sleep is physiologically determined by a "dream s\
tate generator" located in the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(brain stem. This brain-stem system periodically triggers the dream state\
, with such predictable regularity )Tj
T*
(that Hobson and McCarley were able to model the process mathematically [\
to] a high degree of )Tj
T*
(accuracy. During the REM periods produced when the dream-state generator\
is switched on, sensory )Tj
T*
(input and motor output are blocked, and the forebrain \(the cerebral cor\
tex, the most advanced structure )Tj
T*
(in the human brain\) is activated and bombarded with partially random im\
pulses generating sensory )Tj
T*
(information within the system. The activated forebrain then synthesizes \
the dream out of the internally )Tj
T*
(generated information, trying its best to make sense out of the nonsense\
it is being presented with. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
0 -2.55714 TD
("The primary motivating force for dreaming," )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(emphasize Hobson and McCarley, "is not psychological )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(but physiological since the time of occurrence and duration of dreaming \
sleep are quite constant, )Tj
T*
(suggesting a pre-programmed, neurally determined genesis." They see the \
major drive toward dreaming )Tj
T*
(as not only automatic and periodic, but apparently metabolically determi\
ned; of course, this conception )Tj
T*
(of the energetics of dreaming flatly contradicts the classical Freudian \
notion of conflict as the driving )Tj
T*
(force for dreams. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(As for the )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
("specific stimuli for the dream imagery," )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(they continue, these appear to arise from the brain )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(stem and not from cognitive areas of the cerebral cortex. "These stimuli\
, whose generation appears to )Tj
T*
(depend upon a largely random or reflex process, may provide spatially sp\
ecific information which can )Tj
T*
(be used in constructing dream imagery." Hobson and McCarley argue that t\
he bizarre distortions in )Tj
T*
(dream content attributed by Freudians to the disguising of unacceptable \
content probably have a simpler )Tj
T*
(neurophysiological explanation: such bizarre features of dreams as the c\
ondensation of two or more )Tj
T*
(characters into one, discontinuous scene shifts, and symbol formation ma\
y merely reflect the state of the )Tj
T*
(dreaming brain. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
("In other words," the Harvard neurophysiologists argue, "the forebrain m\
ay be making the best of a bad )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(job in producing even partially coherent dream imagery from the relative\
ly noisy signals sent up to it )Tj
T*
(from the brain stem. The dream process is thus seen as having its origin\
in sensorimotor systems, with )Tj
T*
(little or no primary ideational, volitional, or emotional content. This \
concept is markedly different from )Tj
T*
(that of the 'dream thoughts' or wishes seen by Freud as the primary stim\
ulus for the dream." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Hobson and McCarley view, )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
("the elaboration of the brain stem stimulus )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(by the perceptual, conceptual, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(and emotional structure of the forebrain" as primarily synthetic and con\
structive, "rather than a )Tj
T*
(distorting one as Freud presumed." According to the Activation-Synthesis\
model, "best fits to the )Tj
T*
(relatively inchoate and incomplete data provided by the primary stimuli \
are called up from memory. ... )Tj
T*
(The brain, in the dreaming sleep state, is thus likened to a computer se\
arching its addresses for key )Tj
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(words. Rather than indicating the need for disguise, this fitting of ...\
experiential data to [genetically )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(programmed] stimuli is seen as the major basis of the 'bizarre' formal q\
ualities of dream mentation." )Tj
T*
(Scoring one more point against Freud, they add that "there is, therefore\
, no need to postulate either a )Tj
T*
(censor or an information degrading process working at the censor's behes\
t." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Hobson and McCarley see our usual poor ability to recall dreams as "a st\
ate-dependent amnesia, since a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(carefully affected state change, to waking, may produce abundant recall \
even of highly charged dream )Tj
T*
(material." So if you are rapidly awakened out of REM sleep, you are like\
ly to remember dreams that you )Tj
T*
(otherwise would be just as likely to forget. Hammering a final nail into\
the coffin containing Freud's )Tj
T*
(theory of dreams, they write: "There is no need to invoke repression to \
account for the forgetting of )Tj
T*
(dreams." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(As was only to be expected, Hobson and McCarley's paper stimulated count\
erattacks from the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(psychoanalytic establishment, which responded that Freud's neurological \
models were in no way crucial )Tj
T*
(to his psychological theories. In the view of Morton Reiser, chairman of\
the department of psychiatry at )Tj
T*
(Yale University and a past president of the American Psychoanalytic Asso\
ciation, )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
("McCarley and Hobson overextend the implications of their work when they\
say it shows )Tj
T*
(that dreams have no meaning. I agree with them that their work refutes F\
reud's idea that a )Tj
T*
(dream is instigated by a disguised wish. Knowing what we do now of brain\
physiology, )Tj
T*
(we can no longer say that. The wish may not cause the dream, but that do\
es not mean that )Tj
T*
(dreams do not disguise wishes. The brain activity that causes dreams off\
ers a means )Tj
T*
(whereby a conflicted wish can give rise to a particular dream. In other \
words, wishes )Tj
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(exploit\227but do not cause\227dreams.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(The degree of controversy stimulated by the Hobson and McCarley paper wa\
s truly remarkable. An )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(editorial in the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(American Journal of Psychiatry )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(a year later stated that the Harvard paper "provoked )Tj
T*
(more letters to the Editor than the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Journal )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(had ever received before." Unexpectedly, what seemed to be )Tj
T*
(stirring so many people up was not Hobson and McCarley's treatment of Fr\
eud, but their treatment of the )Tj
T*
(dream. The view that "dreams were after all merely the senseless, random\
accompaniment of the )Tj
T*
(autonomous electrical activity of the sleeping Central Nervous System" d\
id not sit well with many )Tj
T*
(researchers, to say nothing of therapists and other workers accustomed t\
o putting dreams to a variety of )Tj
T*
(practical uses. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Anybody who has ever awakened from a dream exclaiming with delight, "Wha\
t a )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(wonderful )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(plot that )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(was!" will know from experience that, sometimes at least, dreams are muc\
h more coherent than Hobson-)Tj
T*
(McCarley's model of "the forebrain making the best of a bad job" would s\
uggest. In my view, the fact )Tj
T*
(that dreams can be such superbly coherent and )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(entertaining )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(stories is an indication of the need to )Tj
T*
(concede to the forebrain at least an occasional or partial degree of con\
trol during dreaming. How could )Tj
T*
(we construct such extended dream plots if the higher brain centers were \
limited to mere improvisation )Tj
T*
(with whatever unrelated props, people, and scenes the "noisy signals" fr\
om the brain stem happened to )Tj
T*
(kick upstairs? The dream Hobson and McCarley seem to envision would be l\
ike "And now for )Tj
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(something completely different!" every minute or two. The fact that we )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(are )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(able, at times, to produce )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreams so wisely and elegantly constructed that they can and do serve as\
teaching stories suggests that )Tj
T*
(mental functioning of a higher order must in some way be able to influen\
ce the lower-order functioning )Tj
T*
(of the dream state generator. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The phenomenon of lucid dreaming suggests even more strongly the influen\
ce of the cerebral cortex on )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the construction of dreams. For if your dreams were nothing more than th\
e results of your forebrain )Tj
T*
(producing "partially coherent dream imagery from the relatively noisy si\
gnals sent up to it," how would )Tj
T*
(you be able to exercise volitional choice in a lucid dream? How would yo\
u be able to carry out a )Tj
T*
(previously planned dream action? How would you be able to deliberately d\
ecide, let us say, to open a )Tj
T*
(door to see what you might find there? )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Lucid dream reports abound with examples showing that dreamers )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(can )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(have their own feelings, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(intentions, and ideas. When dreamers realize that they are dreaming, the\
y often experience a feeling of )Tj
T*
(exhilaration. This feeling is more like a response to a higher-order per\
ception than one to a random brain-)Tj
T*
(stem stimulus. As for intentions and ideas, when dreamers attain lucidit\
y they typically remember what )Tj
T*
(they wanted to do in their next lucid dream; they can also remember idea\
s and principles of behavior\227)Tj
T*
(such as "face your fears," "seek a positive outcome," and "remember your\
mission." Our oneironauts )Tj
T*
(routinely make use of this last principle when sleeping in the laborator\
y. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Finally, if all the eye movements of REM sleep are randomly generated by\
a madman in the brain stem, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(how are lucid dreamers able to voluntarily execute eye-movement signals \
in accordance with pre-sleep )Tj
T*
(agreements? Of course, the answer to all of these rhetorical questions i\
s that the Hobson-McCarley )Tj
T*
(hypothesis )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(cannot )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(be the whole story. I believe Hobson and McCarley are right about much o\
f what they )Tj
T*
(say about )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(physiological )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(determinants of the form of dreams; it is evident that dreams also have \
)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
T*
(psychological )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(determinants, and therefore any satisfactory theory of dream content oug\
ht to include )Tj
T*
(both. It also ought to explain why and under what conditions dreams are \
sometimes coherent, brilliantly )Tj
T*
(witty narratives, and under other conditions, incoherent ravings. And wh\
y in some dreams are we )Tj
T*
(deluded and in others lucid? Why are some dreams profoundly meaningful a\
nd others pointless )Tj
T*
(nonsense? )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(As for meaning and nonsense, the Activation-Synthesis model of dreaming \
seems to completely )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(disregard the possibility that dreams could have any intrinsic or even i\
nteresting meaning whatsoever. )Tj
T*
(Given this model of the forebrain struggling with random signals, the mo\
st we could reasonably expect )Tj
T*
(would be what computer specialists term "GIGO," an acronym for "Garbage \
in, garbage out." Hobson, )Tj
T*
(at least, seems to say as much in a recent interview: "Dreams are like a\
Rorschach inkblot. They are )Tj
T*
(ambiguous stimuli which can be interpreted any way a therapist is predis\
posed to. But their meaning is )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(in the eye of the beholder\227not in the dream itself.")Tj
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( I can hear it now: A psychiatrist asks a patient, )Tj
-20.98415 -1.2 Td
("What does this dream make you think of?" And the patient replies: "An i\
nkblot!" )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Among psychophysiologically minded dream researchers, a major criticism \
of the Activation-Synthesis )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(model was that it was essentially a one-way street, allowing traffic to \
proceed only upward from )Tj
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(brainstem to forebrain\227from lower mental function to higher mental fu\
nction. But the way the brain is )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(actually put together would require a two-way street as a model, allowin\
g forebrain control of brain-)Tj
T*
(stem activation, and therefore allowing higher cortical functions such a\
s thinking and deliberate action to )Tj
T*
(influence the dream. This is the same criticism I have just made regardi\
ng the inability of the Hobson )Tj
T*
(and McCarley model to deal with lucid dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Some sleep and dream researchers argued that the Activation-Synthesis mo\
del missed the central )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(question about dreaming altogether. According to Dr. Milton Kramer of th\
e University of Cincinnati, )Tj
T*
(Hobson and McCarley's approach was "not central to the functional proble\
ms of dreaming. When it )Tj
T*
(comes to dreams, two things are important\227meaning and function. Do dr\
eams enlighten us about )Tj
T*
(ourselves? Will they make us smarter, change our personality, change our\
mood, solve our problems, )Tj
T*
(have an application to our daily lives?" Kramer concluded that "I think \
the essence of dreams is )Tj
T*
(psychological. It's all very well to find in dreams that a person is wal\
king. The important questions are, )Tj
T*
('Where is he walking? Why is he walking there?' Those are the continuing\
mysteries of dreams and that )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(is what we want to know.")Tj
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( )Tj
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(So how does the Activation-Synthesis model measure up if we use Kramer's\
two criteria, meaning and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(function? As to the meaning of dreams, in Hobson and McCarley's model th\
ere is none. Regarding )Tj
T*
(function, Hobson has offered a possible function of the dream state: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(A crude analogy to computers helps to make a point even if it may violat\
e the reality of )Tj
T*
(brain function: Every information processing machine has both hardware a\
nd software )Tj
T*
(components. To create a nervous system, the genetic code must program bo\
th a structural )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(blueprint and a set of operating instructions. To maintain the neurons i\
t would make sense )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(to utilize a standard set of operating instructions to activate and test\
the system at regular )Tj
T*
(intervals. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(From an intuitive point of view, it is appealing to consider REM sleep a\
s the expression of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(a basic activity program for the developing CNS that would ensure the fu\
nctional )Tj
T*
(competence of neurons, circuits, and complex activity patterns before th\
e organism was )Tj
T*
(called upon to use them. It would be particularly important for such a s\
ystem to have a )Tj
T*
(high degree of reliability in both time and in space. These features are\
to be found in the )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(periodicity and duration constancy of REM and in the stereotyped nature \
of the activity.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(Elsewhere, he elaborates: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(I believe that dreaming is the \(sometimes outward\) sign of a genetical\
ly determined, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(functionally dynamic blueprint of the brain designed )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(to construct )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(and )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(to test )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(the brain )Tj
T*
(circuits that underlie our behavior\227including cognition and meaning a\
ttribution. I also )Tj
T*
(believe that this test program is essential to normal brain-mind functio\
ning but that you )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(don't have to remember its products to reap its benefits.)Tj
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(Dreaming to Forget? )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 703.74561 Tm
(In a paper published in 1983 in the British journal )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(Nature, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Nobel laureate Francis Crick \(one of the team )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(that cracked the genetic code and unraveled the mystery of DNA\) and his\
co-author Graeme Mitchison )Tj
T*
(proposed that the function of dream sleep )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(is to remove certain undesirable modes of interaction in networks of cel\
ls in the cerebral )Tj
T*
(cortex. We postulate that this is done in REM sleep by a reverse learnin\
g mechanism, so )Tj
T*
(that the trace in the brain of the unconscious dream is weakened, rather\
than strengthened )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(by the dream.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(That, in a nutshell, is their "reverse-learning" theory of dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Crick and Mitchison's theory is derived from two basic hypotheses. The f\
irst is that the cerebral cortex, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(as a completely interconnected network of neurons, "is likely to be subj\
ect to unwanted or 'parasitic' )Tj
T*
(modes of behavior, which arise as it is disturbed either by the growth o\
f the brain or by the )Tj
T*
(modifications produced by experience." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Their second hypothesis is even more tenuous than the first: )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(if )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(these 'parasitic' modes of neuronal )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(activity do in fact exist, they might be "detected and suppressed by a s\
pecial mechanism" hypothetically )Tj
T*
(operating during REM sleep. This mechanism is described as having "the c\
haracter of an active process )Tj
T*
(which is, loosely speaking, the opposite of learning." Crick and Mitchis\
on call this hypothetical process )Tj
T*
("reverse learning," or "unlearning," and explain that it "is not the sam\
e as normal forgetting," and )Tj
T*
("without it we believe that the mammalian cortex could not perform so we\
ll." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The mechanism Crick and Mitchison propose, drawing on the Hobson-McCarle\
y conception of the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(neurophysiology of dreaming, )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(is based on the more or less random stimulation of the forebrain by the \
brain stem that will )Tj
T*
(tend to excite the inappropriate modes of brain activity ... especially \
those which are too )Tj
T*
(prone to be set by random noise rather than by highly structured specifi\
c signals. We )Tj
T*
(further postulate a reverse learning mechanism which will modify the cor\
tex ... in such a )Tj
T*
(way that this particular activity is less likely in the future. ... Put \
more loosely, we suggest )Tj
T*
(that in REM sleep we unlearn our unconscious dreams. 'We dream in order \
to forget.' )Tj
-2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(To reiterate: what they are suggesting is that everything that happens i\
n any of your dreams is being )Tj
T*
(actively unlearned by your brain. That is why you are dreaming about it\227\
merely "in order to forget it." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(What exactly does this mean? According to the reverse-learning theory, w\
hen we )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
(remember )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(our dreams )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(we are relearning exactly what we were trying to unlearn! This would see\
m to represent at least a partial )Tj
T*
(failure of the mechanism, and "one might wonder what effects its failure\
might have." Crick and )Tj
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(Mitchison suggest that complete failure \(remembering )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(all )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(of one's dreams\) might lead to "grave )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(disturbances\227a state of almost perpetual obsession or spurious, hallu\
cinatory associations ..." A partial )Tj
T*
(failure \(remembering several dreams a night\) "should produce unwanted \
responses to random noise, )Tj
T*
(perhaps as hallucinations, delusions, and obsessions, and produce a stat\
e not unlike some )Tj
T*
(schizophrenias." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Crick and Mitchison seem to suggest that it would be better for all of u\
s to learn to forget our dreams. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
("In this model," they write, "attempting to remember one's dreams should\
perhaps not be encouraged, )Tj
T*
(because such remembering may help to retain patterns of thought which ar\
e better forgotten. These are )Tj
T*
(the very patterns the organism was attempting to damp down." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Certainly, if the reverse-learning model were followed to its logical co\
nclusion, it would seem to call for )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the end of all psychological analysis of dreams, all attempts at remembe\
ring and interpreting them\227in )Tj
T*
(fact, the complete shutdown of the dreamwork industry. Fortunately, it a\
ppears there is absolutely no )Tj
T*
(direct evidence for "unlearning" during REM. In fact, there doesn't even\
appear to be any evidence for )Tj
T*
("unlearning" of any kind in )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(any )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(state, in )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(any )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(living organism, anywhere. "Unlearning" as it now exists is )Tj
T*
(only a hypothetical concept, perhaps of some relevance to computers, but\
there is no proof that it has )Tj
T*
(any application to human beings. In fact, as Crick and Mitchison admit, \
"A direct test of our postulated )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(reverse learning mechanism seems extremely difficult.")Tj
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( )Tj
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(There is, in short, no convincing argument for this theory. It just )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(might )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(be true or partially true, but until )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(direct evidence supporting it is brought forward, it must be viewed as a\
n unlikely possibility. Even if )Tj
T*
(there were some substance to reverse-learning theory, Crick and Mitchiso\
n's conclusions about the )Tj
T*
(desirability of dream recall are not necessarily correct. On the contrar\
y, the strongest argument against )Tj
T*
(the theory may be the catastrophic effects they predict from even a part\
ial failure of the reverse-learning )Tj
T*
(mechanism. Certainly, people who habitually remember their dreams do not\
seem any more prone to )Tj
T*
("hallucinations, delusions, and obsessions" than people who habitually f\
orget their dreams. Similarly, if )Tj
T*
(the unlearning theory were true, dream deprivation would interfere with \
the reverse-learning process, )Tj
T*
(producing disastrous results. However, people have been deprived of REM \
sleep for many nights\227in )Tj
T*
(some cases years\227 without showing any signs of mental breakdown. So, \
for any of you dreamers )Tj
T*
(concerned about whether dream recall causes brain damage, I would sugges\
t that there is little reason to )Tj
T*
(worry! )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 50.63193 181.6973 Tm
(The Functions of Dreaming and the Advantages of Consciousness )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 145.44249 Tm
(Let us return to the question with which we began this chapter: "Why do \
we dream?" Though we have )Tj
T*
(considered only a few answers here, there are many more that could be, a\
nd have been, proposed. But )Tj
T*
(we can justifiably rule out in advance any theory that does not make as \
much sense when applied to the )Tj
T*
(dreams of a tree shrew or a whale as to the dreams of a hairless, speaki\
ng primate\227meaning )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(us! )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
T*
(Whatever the explanation for dreaming may be, we must dream for the same\
reasons all mammals have )Tj
T*
(dreamed for more than a hundred million years. So, the question is, why \
do all mammals dream? )Tj
T*
(Because all mammals have REM sleep. Since humans are mammals, the biolog\
ically correct answer to )Tj
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(the question "Why do we dream?" is: "For the same reason any mammal does\
\227 because we have REM )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(sleep." Yet while technically correct, this answer is not completely sat\
isfactory, for it merely leads to the )Tj
T*
(question: Why do all mammals have REM sleep? )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This is a question for evolutionary biology. According to the available \
evidence, it seems that active or )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(REM sleep evolved about 130 million years ago, when early mammals gave u\
p laying eggs and began to )Tj
T*
(give birth viviparously \(offspring born live, not hatched\). Non-REM or\
quiet sleep, on the other hand, )Tj
T*
(seems to have arisen some 50 million years earlier, when warm-blooded ma\
mmals first evolved from )Tj
T*
(their cold-blooded reptilian ancestors. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The evolution of sleep, and later of dreaming, was far too widespread an\
d behaviorally significant to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(have occurred by accident, and thus presumably came about through the me\
chanism that Darwin made )Tj
T*
(famous: natural selection. The idea is that only those genetic variation\
s which provide the organism with )Tj
T*
(some survival advantage are selected by evolution. Due to genetic variab\
ility, a wide range of )Tj
T*
(characteristics is exhibited at any one time in the population of every \
species. Some of these )Tj
T*
(characteristics, however, will be more favorable than others in a given \
environment. This increases the )Tj
T*
(probability that individuals with a favorable variation will live long e\
nough to reproduce, passing on )Tj
T*
(their genes to progeny who in turn will be likely to survive long enough\
to replicate, and so on. If an )Tj
T*
(inherited trait offers a great enough advantage, before long all members\
of a given species will possess it )Tj
T*
(and carry the genes to pass it on. Since this must have been the case wi\
th sleep and dreaming, we can )Tj
T*
(assume that they serve some adaptive \(i.e., useful\) function or functi\
ons. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(All animals cycle once a day through a circadian \(approximately twenty-\
four-hour-long\) rhythm of rest )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(and activity. Some animals, such as owls and mice, rest in daylight and \
are active at night; others, such )Tj
T*
(as humans, usually act in the light and rest in the dark. Sleep tends to\
occur during the rest phase of the )Tj
T*
(twenty-four-hour cycle. Thus, one of the primary adaptive advantages or \
functions of sleep is to enforce )Tj
T*
(immobility on the animal during the rest phase of the circadian cycle, b\
oth to ensure its resting and to )Tj
T*
(keep it safely in its nest, burrow, or home. Mother Nature's original id\
ea of sleep \(probably also familiar )Tj
T*
(to your own mother\) was to keep you off the streets after dark, and out\
of trouble. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(If you recall that NREM sleep arose at the same time mammals evolved fro\
m reptiles, you will have a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(hint about sleep's additional function. Reptiles were dependent upon ext\
ernal energy sources \(primarily )Tj
T*
(the sun\) to maintain a high enough body temperature to allow them to un\
dertake the business of living )Tj
T*
(\(principally feeding, fleeing, and breeding\). Although reptiles enjoy \
a lifelong free-energy subsidy from )Tj
T*
(the sun, it wasn't always at their disposal\227 for example, at night, w\
hen they might have an urgent need )Tj
T*
(to escape from some hungry nocturnal predator. Warm-blooded mammals, on \
the other hand, were no )Tj
T*
(longer completely at the mercy of the weather and the time of day\227 th\
ey maintained their own constant )Tj
T*
(internal temperatures. The cost, however, was great: being warm-blooded \
took much more energy than )Tj
T*
(being cold-blooded. Their inner fires were fueled with food, which had t\
o be caught\227at no small energy )Tj
T*
(cost to the mammal. The need of warm-blooded mammals to economize energy\
therefore made energy )Tj
T*
(conservation an adaptive survival trait. )Tj
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(To see how effectively sleep accomplishes this function, consider the ca\
se of two little mammals with )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(high metabolic rates, the shrew and the bat. The shrew sleeps very littl\
e and has a life expectancy of no )Tj
T*
(more than two years. The bat, in contrast, sleeps twenty hours a day and\
as a result can expect to live as )Tj
T*
(long as eighteen years! If we convert these lifetimes into waking years,\
the bat is still ahead, with three )Tj
T*
(years of active life compared to the shrew's two. There seems to be no d\
oubt that sleep serves an energy-)Tj
T*
(conservation function, keeping warm-blooded, fast-moving creatures from \
burning out too fast. This )Tj
T*
(suggests there is more truth than fiction to the old aphorism about the \
importance of getting a good )Tj
T*
(night's sleep! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(All right, you might say, so that's why we have quiet sleep, but why did\
active sleep evolve, and with it, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreaming? Certainly there must have been very good reasons for it, since\
this state has many )Tj
T*
(disadvantages. For one, your brain uses much more energy during dreaming\
than it does while awake or )Tj
T*
(in quiet sleep. For another, the body is paralyzed during REM sleep, sig\
nificantly increasing the )Tj
T*
(sleeper's vulnerability. In fact, the amount of dreaming sleep for a giv\
en species is directly proportional )Tj
T*
(to its degree of safety from predators; the more dangerous life is, the \
less a species can )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(afford )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(to dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Given these drawbacks, active sleep must have offered particularly usefu\
l advantages to the mammals of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(130 million years ago. We can guess one advantage, if we remember that t\
his was the point in )Tj
T*
(evolutionary history when mammalian mothers gave up laying eggs in favor\
of bearing live young. )Tj
T*
(What advantages might active sleep have offered our ancestral mothers? T\
he answer can be seen, I )Tj
T*
(think, if you recall that egg-hatched lizards and birds break out of the\
ir shells sufficiently developed to )Tj
T*
(survive on their own if necessary. Viviparous offspring\227of which the \
human baby provides an )Tj
T*
(unexcelled example\227are less developed at birth and often completely h\
elpless. Viviparous infants have )Tj
T*
(to go through a great deal of learning and development, especially of th\
e brain, in the first few weeks, )Tj
T*
(months, and years of life. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In contrast to the hour and a half an adult spends in REM sleep each nig\
ht, a newborn baby, who sleeps )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(sixteen to eighteen hours a day, is likely to spend fifty percent of thi\
s time dreaming\227as much as nine )Tj
T*
(hours a day. The amount and proportion of REM sleep decreases throughout\
life, suggesting to several )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(dream researchers)Tj
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( that REM sleep may play an important role in the development of the inf\
ant brain, )Tj
-7.9603 -1.2 Td
(providing an internal source of intense stimulation that would facilitat\
e the maturation of the nervous )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(system as well as help prepare the child for the limitless world of stim\
ulation it will soon have to face. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The foremost French sleep researcher, Michel Jouvet of the University of\
Lyon, has proposed a similar )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(function for active sleep: dreaming permits the testing and practicing o\
f genetically programmed \(i.e., )Tj
T*
(instinctual\) behaviors without the consequences of overt motor response\
s\227thanks to the paralysis of this )Tj
T*
(sleep state. So the next time you see newborns smiling in their sleep, d\
on't be surprised if they turn out )Tj
T*
(to be practicing their perfect smiles to charm a heart they are yet to m\
eet! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Well, then, we know why babies dream. But if that were all there is to i\
t, why wouldn't REM sleep )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(completely disappear by adulthood? It might, except that there )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(does )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(seem to be something more to it, )Tj
T*
(providing adults with a good reason to continue to dream. The reason is \
this: active sleep has indeed )Tj
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(been found to be intimately involved with learning and memory. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The evidence connecting the dream state with learning and memory is of t\
wo kinds. The most direct )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(evidence is an extensive body of research indicating that learning tasks\
requiring significant )Tj
T*
(concentration or the acquisition of unfamiliar skills is followed by inc\
reased REM sleep. The second )Tj
T*
(type of evidence is less direct but still quite convincing: many studies\
have shown that memory for )Tj
T*
(certain types of learning is impaired by subsequent REM deprivation. Psy\
chologists distinguish two )Tj
T*
(varieties of learning: )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(prepared )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(and )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(unprepared. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Prepared learning is easily and quickly acquired, while )Tj
T*
(unprepared learning is difficult and only slowly mastered, with great ef\
fort. According to Boston )Tj
T*
(psychiatrists Dr. Ramon Greenberg and Dr. Chester Pearlman, it is only u\
nprepared learning that is )Tj
T*
(REM-dependent. In one of their experiments, rats easily learned that che\
ese was located behind one of )Tj
T*
(two doors\227and an electric shock behind the other. This is called "sim\
ple position" learning, and most )Tj
T*
(animals are well equipped for it. If, on the other hand, the positions o\
f reward and punishment are )Tj
T*
(reversed on successive trials, most animals find it difficult \(or impos\
sible\) to learn where to expect what. )Tj
T*
(In other words, for rats, "successive position reversal" is an instance \
of unprepared learning. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(After Greenberg and Pearlman subjected the rats to these two varieties o\
f task, they deprived them of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(REM sleep and re-tested them for learning. The results were that while s\
imple position learning was )Tj
T*
(unimpaired by REM deprivation, successive position reversal was "markedl\
y" impaired. "This finding is )Tj
T*
(noteworthy," Greenberg and Pearlman remarked, "because successive positi\
on reversal is a task which )Tj
T*
(clearly distinguishes the learning capacities of species with REM sleep \
\(mammals\) from those without it )Tj
T*
(\(fish\)." The implication is that REM sleep makes more complex learning\
possible. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Greenberg and Pearlman conclude that dreaming sleep "appears in species \
that show increasing abilities )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(to assimilate unusual information into the nervous system." They suggest\
that the evolutionary )Tj
T*
(development of the dream state "has made possible the increasingly flexi\
ble use of information in the )Tj
T*
(mammalian family. That this process occurs during sleep seems to fit wit\
h current thinking about )Tj
T*
(programming and reprogramming of information processing systems. Thus, s\
everal authors have pointed )Tj
T*
(out the advantage of a separate mechanism for reprogramming the brain in\
order to avoid interference )Tj
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(with ongoing functions.")Tj
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( )Tj
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(One of these authors is the late Christopher Evans, whose computer-analo\
gy theory of dreams is )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(presented in his book )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Landscapes of the Night: How and Why We Dream. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Dr. Evans, an English )Tj
T*
(psychologist with an abiding interest in computers, proposed that dreami\
ng is the brain-computer's "off-)Tj
T*
(line" time\227when the mind is assimilating the experiences of the day a\
nd at the same time updating its )Tj
T*
(programs. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Not only is dreaming associated with learning and memory, but it also ap\
pears to play a somewhat )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(broader role in the processing of information in the nervous system, inc\
luding coping with traumatic )Tj
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(experiences)Tj
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( and emotional adjustment. The dream state has been proposed as a restor\
ative for mental )Tj
-5.4343 -1.2 Td
(functioning; according to Professor Ernest Hartmann, REM sleep helps us \
adapt to our environments by )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(improving our mood, memory, and other cognitive functions through restor\
ing certain neurochemicals )Tj
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(that are depleted in the course of waking mental activity. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Dreaming sleep has also been shown to play a general role in reducing br\
ain excitability. It can have a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(favorable effect on our moods\227making us, for example, less irritable.\
Janet Dallet, in a dissertation, has )Tj
T*
(reviewed a number of theories of dream function, concluding that "contem\
porary theories tend to focus )Tj
T*
(on the function of environmental mastery, viewed from one of three persp\
ectives: \(a\) problem solving, )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(\(b\) information processing, or \(c\) ego consolidation.")Tj
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( )Tj
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(Finally, psychologist Ernest Rossi has attributed a developmental functi\
on to dreams: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(In dreams we witness something more than mere wishes; we experience dram\
as reflecting )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(our psychological state and the process of change taking place in it. Dr\
eams are a )Tj
T*
(laboratory for experimenting with changes in our psychic life. ... This \
constructive or )Tj
T*
(synthetic approach to dreams can be clearly stated: )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Dreaming is an endogenous process of )Tj
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(psychological growth, change and transformation.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(It might be said that the diverse theories of dream function are all par\
tly right and all partly wrong: right )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(insofar as they say what )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(a )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(function of dreaming is, and wrong when they say what )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(the )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(function of )Tj
T*
(dreaming is. The situation is analogous to the traditional tale of the b\
lind men and the elephant. In this )Tj
T*
(story, the blind men each seek to discover\227by means of touch alone\227\
the nature of an elephant. Each )Tj
T*
(believes he knows, from the part he has grasped, the tine nature of the \
whole. For the blind man who )Tj
T*
(grasped it by the tail, the elephant was like a rope; like a rug for the\
one who grasped its ear; like a pillar )Tj
T*
(for the one who grasped its leg; and so on. In a similar manner, the pro\
ponents of various dream theories )Tj
T*
(have each grasped not the whole, as they thought, but a part of the func\
tion of dreams. Freud, for )Tj
T*
(example, in surveying the many opinions about dreams, judged almost all \
of the previous views to have )Tj
T*
(missed the forest for the trees. He considered his own theory, which pos\
ited sex as the basis of all dream )Tj
T*
(content, a "view from the heights." But\227as it is perhaps apparent tod\
ay\227Freud himself mistook a wood )Tj
T*
(for the world. Or, as the irreverent have put it, he seems to have grasp\
ed the elephant by the balls. )Tj
T*
(Things could be worse, though, for others seem to have grasped the eleph\
ant by the feathers! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Puffing aside, for the moment, the question of the special functions of \
dreaming, let us ask what is the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(most basic or general function that dreaming is likely to serve. Since d\
reaming is an activity of the brain, )Tj
T*
(we must first ask what function brain activity serves. And since the mos\
t general biological purpose of )Tj
T*
(living organisms is survival, this must also be the most general purpose\
of brain activity. The brain )Tj
T*
(fosters survival by regulating the organism's transactions with the worl\
d and with itself. The latter )Tj
T*
(transactions might perhaps be best achieved in the dream state, when sen\
sory information from the )Tj
T*
(external world is at its minimum. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(As organisms proceed up the evolutionary ladder, new forms of cognition \
and corresponding actions )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(emerge. The four major varieties of action are reflexive, instinctive, h\
abitual, and intentional, in )Tj
T*
(ascending order. Behaviors lower on the evolutionary scale are relativel\
y fixed and automatic, while )Tj
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(Lucid Dreaming)Tj
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(behaviors higher on the scale are more flexible. Automatic behaviors are\
best if the situation they are )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(designed for is relatively invariable. For example, since we must breath\
e every minute of our lives, this )Tj
T*
(is very efficiently accomplished by a reflexive mechanism. Likewise, ins\
tinctive action is effective as )Tj
T*
(long as the environment we are in is not too different from the one our \
ancestors lived in. Habit, too, is )Tj
T*
(useful if the environment doesn't change too much. But intentional or de\
liberate action has evolved in )Tj
T*
(order to handle environmental changes that our habitual behavior is inad\
equate to cope with. The highest )Tj
T*
(level of cognition, which allows for intentional action, is usually refe\
rred to as reflective consciousness. )Tj
T*
(It is the same cognitive function that we call lucidity when speaking in\
the context of dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Reflective consciousness offers the advantage of flexible and creative a\
ction in the dream state as well )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(as in the waking state. More specifically, consciousness allows dreamers\
to detach themselves from the )Tj
T*
(situation they are in, and reflect on possible alternative modes of acti\
on. Lucid dreamers are thus able to )Tj
T*
(act )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(reflectively, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(instead of merely )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(reflexively. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(The important thing for lucid dreamers is their freedom )Tj
T*
(from the compulsion of habit; they are capable of deliberate action in a\
ccordance with their ideals, and )Tj
T*
(are able to respond creatively to the dream content. Seen in this light,\
lucid dreaming does not at all )Tj
T*
(appear as a mere abnormality or meaningless curiosity; rather, it repres\
ents a highly adaptive function, )Tj
T*
(the most advanced product of millions of years of biological evolution. \
)Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
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(The Meaning of Dreaming )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 408.79092 Tm
(Since the evidence indicates that dreaming serves important biological f\
unctions, dreaming cannot be )Tj
T*
("meaningless biology." On the contrary, dreams are, at very least, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(meaningful )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(biology. But does this )Tj
T*
(mean that dreams must be meaningful psychology? I think the answer is "N\
ot necessarily." If you ask, )Tj
T*
("What do dreams mean?" the answer will depend upon just exactly what you\
mean by "meaning." But )Tj
T*
(perhaps we can agree that "meaning" refers to placing anything\227in thi\
s case, a dream\227in some )Tj
T*
(explanatory context or other. Please note, however, that explanatory con\
texts vary widely from person to )Tj
T*
(person. For some, interpretation or translation will seem most appropria\
te, under the assumption that )Tj
T*
(dreams are messages to ourselves. Others will seek mechanistic explanati\
ons in a physiological or )Tj
T*
(psychological context; still others will be inclined to treat the dream \
on its own terms, as it relates to )Tj
T*
(itself. Which approach is right? Or, rather, which is right for which dr\
eam? )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Freud assumed that the events occurring in dreams \(lucid or otherwise\)\
were by their very nature )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(symbolic of unconscious motives. This assumption, although undoubtedly c\
orrect in certain )Tj
T*
(circumstances, is equally misleading in others. Many dream interpreters \
would like to believe that every )Tj
T*
(element of every dream is equally subject to symbolic interpretation, or\
that "All dreams are equal." This )Tj
T*
(is an understandable belief, for dream interpreters could not expect to \
stay in business for very long if )Tj
T*
(they were to say of a dream presented for analysis: "This dream is meani\
ngless," or even, "not very )Tj
T*
(interesting." Dreamers meeting with such responses would be inclined to \
take their dreams elsewhere, )Tj
T*
(until they found someone more willing to tell them what their dreams "re\
ally" meant. Also, it is a )Tj
T*
(sensible working hypothesis, when presented with a dream for interpretat\
ion, to assume that it does have )Tj
T*
(meaning, or at least that part of it does. )Tj
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(In the case of psychotherapists and their clients, the relevant kind of \
meaning assumed and sought is )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(psychological. However, the assumption that every dream contains signifi\
cant psychological )Tj
T*
(information has yet to be subjected to rigorous testing. To me, assertin\
g that every dream is equally )Tj
T*
(informative\227psychologically or otherwise\227is like supposing that ev\
ery sentence you say is equally )Tj
T*
(interesting, coherent, or profound! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(There is a contrary view of dreams, the "existential" view, which treats\
dreams as )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(lived )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(experiences )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(composed of imagined interactions and elements that could be symbolic, l\
iteral, or somewhere in )Tj
T*
(between. Flying, for instance, could be the symbolic expression of any n\
umber of unconscious desires, )Tj
T*
(such as the wish to transcend all limitation, or\227as Freud would sugge\
st\227the wish to engage in sexual )Tj
T*
(activity. In another case, flying might simply be the most convenient mo\
de of travel available to the )Tj
T*
(dreamer. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(With these considerations in mind, we would probably be wiser to leave t\
he degree of symbolic )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(significance attributed to a dream event as an )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(empirical )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(rather than an )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(axiomatic )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(matter\227as something )Tj
T*
(to test rather than to assume. It seems safe to conclude that an interpr\
etation is valid only if it impresses )Tj
T*
(the dreamer as having sufficient explanatory power for his dream, or if \
it is otherwise supported by )Tj
T*
(compelling evidence. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(It is important to realize that just because a particular dream can )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(sometimes )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(be interpreted in symbolic )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(terms doesn't mean it was intended as a communication in the first place\
. If dreams are important )Tj
T*
(messages to ourselves\227as suggested by the proverb "An uninterpreted d\
ream is like an unopened )Tj
T*
(letter"\227then why do we throw most of them away? This is surely what w\
e do when we forget our )Tj
T*
(dreams, and we forget the great majority of them. The "letter-to-yoursel\
f" theory of dreams is in even )Tj
T*
(worse trouble when we remember the mammalian origins of dreaming. Consid\
er the family dog: of the )Tj
T*
(tens of thousands of dreams Fido will dream in his lifetime, how many ar\
e likely to be interpreted? By )Tj
T*
(Fido, none at all! By his owners, perhaps a few. But if humans are the o\
nly mammals equipped with the )Tj
T*
(linguistic skills to use symbolic language, what purpose could dreaming \
serve for the thousands of )Tj
T*
(species of non-human dreamers? And if dreaming served no purpose to our \
ancestors, how could it ever )Tj
T*
(have evolved? )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(I think the answer is clear: dreaming must serve purposes other than tal\
king-to-ourselves; moreover, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(these purposes must be achievable without requiring dreams to be remembe\
red, to say nothing of )Tj
T*
(interpreted. In fact, there is a good reason why remembering dreams migh\
t be maladaptive for all non-)Tj
T*
(linguistic species, including our ancestors. To see why, consider how we\
are able to distinguish )Tj
T*
(memories of dreamed events from those that actually occurred. It is some\
thing we have )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(learned )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(to do, )Tj
T*
(thanks to language. Remember Piaget's account of the child's development\
of the concept )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(dream. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(When, )Tj
T*
(as children, we remembered our earliest dreams, we assumed that they had\
"actually" happened, just like )Tj
T*
(everything else. After enough repetitions of our parents' telling us tha\
t some of our experiences were )Tj
T*
("only dreams," we learned to distinguish memories of inner dream events \
from memories of external )Tj
T*
(physical events. But how would we ever have been able to untangle the tw\
o realities without the help of )Tj
T*
(other people telling us which was which? )Tj
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(Animals have no way to tell each other how to distinguish dreams from re\
ality. Imagine your pet cat )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(living on the other side of a tall fence that protects it from a vicious\
dog. Suppose your cat were to )Tj
T*
(dream that the wicked dog was dead, and replaced by a family of mice. Wh\
at would happen if the cat )Tj
T*
(were to remember this dream when it awoke? Not knowing it was a dream, i\
t would probably hungrily )Tj
T*
(jump over the fence, expecting to find a meal. But instead, it would fin\
d )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(itself )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(a meal\227for the dog! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Thus, dream recall would seem to be a bad thing for cats, dogs, and all \
the rest of the mammalian )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreamers except humans. This could explain why dreams are difficult to r\
ecall. They may be so, )Tj
T*
(according to this view, because of natural selection. We and our ancesto\
rs might have been protected )Tj
T*
(from dangerous confusion by the evolution of mechanisms that made forget\
ting dreams the normal )Tj
T*
(course of affairs. But if the theory I have proposed for why dreams are \
difficult to recall is correct, then)Tj
T*
(\227contrary to Crick and Mitchison\227remembering dreams should do huma\
ns no harm, precisely because )Tj
T*
(we can tell the difference between dreaming and waking experiences. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In conclusion, I would suggest that the dream is not so much a communica\
tion as a creation. In essence, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreaming is more like world-making than like letter-writing. And if, as \
we have seen, an uninterpreted )Tj
T*
(dream )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(isn't )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(like an unopened letter, then what )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(is )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(it like? Having demolished a popular proverb, let us )Tj
T*
(replace it with another that seems to come closer to doing the dream jus\
tice: "An uninterpreted dream is )Tj
T*
(like an uninterpreted poem." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(If I am right, dreams have much more in common with poems than they do w\
ith letters. The word )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(poem )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0 -1.2 TD
(is derived from a Greek verb meaning )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(to create, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(and I have already argued that the essence of dreaming )Tj
T*
(is closer to creation than to communication. Are all poems equally worth\
interpreting? Are poems )Tj
T*
(equally coherent, effective, or beautiful? If you wrote a dozen poems a \
night every night of your life, )Tj
T*
(what do you suppose you would find among your several hundred thousand p\
oems? All masterpieces? )Tj
T*
(Not likely. All trash? Not likely, either. What you would expect is that\
among great piles of doggerel, )Tj
T*
(there would be a smaller pile of excellent poems, but no more than a han\
dful of masterpieces. It is the )Tj
T*
(same with your dreams, I believe. When you have to stage five or six sho\
ws every night, many of them )Tj
T*
(are likely to lack inspiration. It is true that you can cultivate your d\
ream life so that the time you spend )Tj
T*
(there will grow more rewarding as the years pass. But why should you exp\
ect that every one of your )Tj
T*
(dreams is worth taking the time to interpret? And yet, if a poem or a dr\
eam calls out to you to interpret )Tj
T*
(it, by all means find out what it means to you. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(It would be a very unusual poet who created poetry primarily for the amu\
sement and instruction of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(critics or interpreters. Poets don't need a critic on hand in order to b\
e affected, perhaps even transformed, )Tj
T*
(by the poem's creation. When we read a poem, we don't need to interpret \
it to be deeply moved, edified, )Tj
T*
(inspired, and perhaps even enlightened. Having said that neither poems n\
or dreams have any )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(need )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(of )Tj
T*
(interpretation doesn't mean that it is never useful. On the contrary, in\
telligent criticism or interpretation )Tj
T*
(can at times greatly increase the depth of our understanding of a poem, \
and in the best of circumstances, )Tj
T*
(of ourselves as well. It is the same with the dream. )Tj
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(9 )Tj
-7.002 -2.18016 Td
(Dreaming, Illusion, and Reality)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 661.25244 Tm
("In the ages of the rude beginning of culture," wrote Nietzsche, )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
("man believed that he was discovering a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(second real world )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(in dreams, and here is the origin of all metaphysics. Without dreams, ma\
nkind would )Tj
T*
(never have had occasion to invent such a division of the world. The part\
ing of soul and body goes also )Tj
T*
(with this way of interpreting dreams; likewise, the idea of a soul's app\
aritional body: whence all belief in )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(ghosts, and apparently, too, in gods.")Tj
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( )Tj
-15.18114 -2.55714 Td
(I am inclined to agree with Nietzsche in placing the blame for belief in\
ghosts, gods, and life after death )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(on the doorstep of the dream. Let us suppose that the idea of a soul-bod\
y derives from subjective )Tj
T*
(experiences in the dream world. Whether or not the soul would be granted\
the status of objective reality )Tj
T*
(would then depend on the reality status given to the dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(If early humans believed they had discovered in the dream a second "real\
world," what might they have )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(meant? Did they merely mean that the dream world had a subjectively veri\
fiable existence? That dreams )Tj
T*
(were only real while they lasted? Or that dreams existed actually and ob\
jectively in some subtle plane of )Tj
T*
(existence every bit as real as the physical world? )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Is there any evidence suggesting that dreams can be objectively real? Se\
veral enigmatic phenomena )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(seem to raise the possibility that, in some circumstances, the dream wor\
ld may be at least partially )Tj
T*
(objective. One of these enigmas is the uncanny experience in which a per\
son feels he or she has )Tj
T*
(somehow temporarily left his or her body. Survey data indicate that a su\
rprising number of people have )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(had such out-of-body experiences \(OBEs\) at least once in their lives.)Tj
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( Very frequently, those who have )Tj
-27.87914 -1.2 Td
(this experience become unshakably convinced that they, or at least some \
part of themselves, are capable )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(of an existence independent of their bodies. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Another phenomenon whose existence is widely attested to is the mysterio\
us mode of information )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(transfer called extrasensory perception \(ESP\). A wealth of anecdotal e\
vidence supports the idea that ESP )Tj
T*
(occurs, working across both space and time. If it is indeed possible to \
perceive, in some fashion, events )Tj
T*
(that are happening at a distance, or even those that have not yet happen\
ed, space and time must be other )Tj
T*
(than what they seem, and the same thing goes for subjective and objectiv\
e realities! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Accounts of "mutual dreaming" \(dreams apparently shared by two or more \
people\) raise the possibility )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(that the dream world may be in some cases just as objectively real as th\
e physical world. This is because )Tj
T*
(the primary criterion for "objectivity" is that an experience is shared \
by more than one person\227a fact )Tj
T*
(supposedly true of mutual dreams. In that case, what would happen to the\
traditional dichotomy between )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(dreams and reality? )Tj
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(These mysterious phenomena that threaten the simplicity of our commonsen\
se view of life are all )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(primarily "children of the night." Surveys indicate that more spontaneou\
s psychic experiences are )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(reported to occur during dreaming than waking.)Tj
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(3)Tj
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( Most out-of-body experiences likewise tend to occur )Tj
-19.49214 -1.2 Td
(while the person is dreaming or at least in bed. Dean Shiels, an America\
n anthropologist, studied OBEs )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(in sixty-seven different cultures around the world and found that sleep \
was regarded as the most )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(important source of OBEs in about eighty percent of those cultures.)Tj
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( )Tj
-27.38113 -2.55714 Td
(How does all this relate to lucid dreams? I propose that OBEs are actual\
ly variant interpretations of lucid )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreams; that dream telepathy will provide the basis for an explanation o\
f the occasional accuracy of )Tj
T*
(paranormal OBE vision; and laboratory experiments with mutual lucid drea\
ms will be suggested as a )Tj
T*
(means of testing the objective reality of shared dream worlds. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Although telepathic experiences also apparently occur during the waking \
state, surveys do indicate that )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(most instances occur in dreams. The following is a remarkable example of\
such a dream: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(Many years ago when my son, who is now a man with a baby a year old, was\
a boy I had )Tj
T*
(a dream early one morning. I thought the children and I had gone camping\
with some )Tj
T*
(friends. We were camped in such a pretty little glade on the shores of t\
he sound between )Tj
T*
(two hills. It was wooded, and our tents were under the trees. I looked a\
round and thought )Tj
T*
(what a lovely spot it was. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(I thought I had some washing to do for the baby, so I went to the creek \
where it broadened )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(out a little. There was a nice clean gravel spot, so I put the baby and \
the clothes down. I )Tj
T*
(noticed I had forgotten the soap so I started back to the tent. The baby\
stood near the creek )Tj
T*
(throwing handfuls of pebbles into the water. I got my soap and came back\
, and my baby )Tj
T*
(was lying face down in the water. I pulled him out but he was dead. I aw\
akened then, )Tj
T*
(sobbing and crying. What a wave of joy went over me when I realized that\
I was safe in )Tj
T*
(bed and that he was alive. I thought about it and worried for a few days\
, but nothing )Tj
T*
(happened and I forgot about it. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(During that summer some friends asked the children and me to go camping \
with them. We )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(cruised along the sound until we found a good place for a camp near fres\
h water. The )Tj
T*
(lovely little glade between the hills had a small creek and big trees to\
pitch our tents )Tj
T*
(under. While sitting on the beach with one of the other women, watching \
the children )Tj
T*
(play, I happened to think I had some washing to do, so I took the baby a\
nd went to the tent )Tj
T*
(for the clothes. When I got back to the creek I put down the baby and th\
e clothes, and then )Tj
T*
(I noticed that I had forgotten the soap. I started back for it, and as I\
did so, the baby picked )Tj
T*
(up a handful of pebbles and threw them in the water. Instantly my dream \
flashed into my )Tj
T*
(mind. It was like a moving picture. He stood just as he had in my dream\227\
white dress, )Tj
T*
(yellow curls, shining sun. For a moment I almost collapsed. Then I caugh\
t him up and )Tj
T*
(went back to the beach and my friends. When I composed myself, I told th\
em about it. )Tj
T*
(They just laughed and said I imagined it. That is such a simple answer w\
hen one cannot )Tj
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(give a good explanation.)Tj
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( )Tj
-13.0463 -2.55714 Td
(Anecdotes, though dramatic and numerous, do no more than convince one th\
at precognitive dreams are a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(possibility. It takes scientific investigation to convert possibility to\
probability. Fortunately, there are )Tj
T*
(perhaps half a dozen scientific demonstrations of dream telepathy. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The most famous of these were the experiments in dream telepathy carried\
out in the dream laboratory )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(of the Maimonides Hospital in Brooklyn by Dr. Montague Ullman and Dr. St\
anley Krippner in the late )Tj
T*
(1960s. These dream researchers monitored sleeping subjects. During the p\
eriods when a subject was in )Tj
T*
(REM sleep, a person in another room focused on an art reproduction and a\
ttempted telepathically to )Tj
T*
(transmit an image of the painting to the sleeper, who was awakened for d\
ream reports at the end of each )Tj
T*
(REM period. Afterward, judges were able to match which picture went with\
which dream report, with an )Tj
T*
(accuracy significantly above chance. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(One night, the target picture was )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Sacrament of the Last Supper )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(by Salvador Dali. The painting )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(shows Christ at the center of a table, surrounded by the twelve disciple\
s, with a glass of wine and a loaf )Tj
T*
(of bread on the table, and a fishing boat on the sea visible in the dist\
ance. Dr. William Erwin was the )Tj
T*
(subject that night. His first dream was about an ocean, which, he commen\
ted, had a "strange beauty )Tj
T*
(about it. ..." Remembering his second dream, he said, "Boats come to min\
d. Fishing boats. Small-size )Tj
T*
(boats. ... There was a picture in the Sea Fare Restaurant that came to m\
ind. ... It shows, oh, I'd say about )Tj
T*
(a dozen or so men pulling a fishing boat ashore right after having retur\
ned from a catch." Erwin's third )Tj
T*
(dream seemed to relate to the Christian theme: he was looking though a "\
Christmas catalogue." His )Tj
T*
(following three dreams were about doctors \(Christ the healer and spirit\
ual physician?\). His last two )Tj
T*
(dreams of the night dealt with food. In the morning, Dr. Erwin's reflect\
ions on his dreams put the pieces )Tj
T*
(together in a way that is very suggestive: "The fisherman dream makes me\
think of the Mediterranean )Tj
T*
(area, perhaps even some sort of Biblical time. Right now my associations\
are of the fish and the loaf, or )Tj
T*
(even the feeding of the multitudes. ... Once again I think of Christmas.\
... Having to do with the )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(oceanwater, something in this area. ...")Tj
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( )Tj
-15.87314 -2.55714 Td
(The findings of the Maimonides research offer scientific support for the\
possibility of telepathic )Tj
T*
(influence on dream content.)Tj
ET
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( Likewise, in 1962, L. E. Rhine concluded on the basis of a large body o\
f )Tj
-11.52113 -1.2 Td
(anecdotal evidence that more spontaneous psychic experiences occurred du\
ring dreaming than during )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the waking state. That being so, we may accept dream telepathy as a work\
ing hypothesis. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(But now let us return to the other enigma we were discussing\227the out-\
of-body experience. The OBE )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(takes on a confusingly wide variety of forms. A person having an OBE may\
, for example, find his sense )Tj
T*
(of identity associated with a second, non-physical body: a "soul," "astr\
al body," "spirit," or, to suggest a )Tj
T*
(term having a certain charm, "out-of-body body" \(OBB\)! Equally, "out-o\
f-body" one may dispense )Tj
T*
(entirely with the inelegance of bodies of any sort, and experience onese\
lf as a point of light or a freely )Tj
T*
(mobile center of awareness. In some OBEs, one seems to see the sleeping \
physical body, while in other )Tj
T*
(cases one finds an empty bed or someone else entirely. )Tj
ET
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(Let us take the case of one "astral projector" who wrote that before he \
knew what his OBES were, he )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
("was much afraid each time" he had one. He explained that his projection\
s always began with him lying )Tj
T*
(in bed, feeling a weight holding him down. The next thing he knew he wou\
ld be out of his body. During )Tj
T*
(one OBE, he walked around his bedroom and looked down the stairs into th\
e kitchen. He decided to )Tj
T*
(look at himself in the mirror, but could not see anything when he did so\
. On another occasion, when )Tj
T*
(returning from "astral adventures," he thought, "I'll look at myself on \
the bed." But when he looked, he )Tj
T*
(saw his mother, who "had been passed over quite a long time." Yet, curio\
usly, finding his dead mother )Tj
T*
(in bed instead of his sleeping body didn't lead him to the conclusion th\
at he was dreaming; he took this )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(to mean that his mother's spirit would always be with him whenever he wa\
s "projected.")Tj
ET
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(8)Tj
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( )Tj
-35.65414 -2.55714 Td
(Two features of this OBE report are particularly suggestive. One is that\
upon "leaving his body," the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(astral projector walked around "his bedroom" and looked into "the kitche\
n." This, added to the fact that )Tj
T*
(he expected to find his own sleeping body in bed upon his return, indica\
tes that he conceived of himself )Tj
T*
(as being in a non-physical \("astral"\) body, but in an environment iden\
tical to the physical world. It is )Tj
T*
(exactly this kind of contradictory and confused mixture of mental and ma\
terial elements that is also )Tj
T*
(characteristic of the pre-lucid or naive dreamer. Secondly, note the pro\
jector's failure to consider the )Tj
T*
(possibility that if his physical body wasn't in the bed he was looking i\
n, that might not be the real bed he )Tj
T*
(was looking at, or the real bedroom, or the real kitchen, either. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(These kinds of minor lapses of rationality, and the failure to question \
the anomalies that confront one, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(seem to me quite characteristic of non-lucid dreaming and OBEs. Here is \
an account by Keith Harary, a )Tj
T*
(person who has impressed me in the waking state as quite rational and of\
superior intelligence, and who )Tj
T*
(is, as well, unusually proficient at inducing OBEs: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(One night I awoke in an out-of-body state floating just above my physica\
l body which lay )Tj
T*
(below me on the bed. A candle had been left burning on the other end of \
the room during )Tj
T*
(the evening. I dove for the candle headfirst from a sitting position and\
gently floated down )Tj
T*
(toward it with the intention of blowing out the flame to conserve wax. I\
put my "face" up )Tj
T*
(close to the candle and had some difficulty in putting out the flame. I \
had to blow on it )Tj
T*
(several times before it finally seemed to extinguish. I turned around, s\
aw my body lying )Tj
T*
(on the bed and gently floated back and back into it. Once in the physica\
l [body] I )Tj
T*
(immediately turned over and went back to sleep. The next morning I awoke\
and found )Tj
T*
(that the candle had completely burned down. It seemed as if my out-of-th\
e-body efforts )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(had affected only a non-physical candle.)Tj
ET
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( )Tj
-19.3763 -2.55714 Td
(The fact that Harary considered the other objects as physical, and the c\
andle alone as non-physical, is )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(similar to the way in which normal dreamers account for anomalies occurr\
ing during a dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In addition to the anomalies that people tend to accept in OBEs, there i\
s another similarity to dreaming. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(During the OBE, they are convinced that what they are experiencing is ac\
tuality. For example, the )Tj
T*
(gentleman with the "astral mother" testified that he had learned through\
his OBEs that "the real Me is )Tj
ET
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14 0 0 14 10 747.0271 Tm
(apart from, and working through, my physical body. I now know for sure t\
hat we have two bodies.")Tj
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(10)Tj
0 0 0 rg
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( )Tj
-40.58829 -1.2 Td
(This feeling of knowing "for sure" is quite characteristic of the tenaci\
ty with which people cling to the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(conclusions drawn from their out-of-body experiences. Wherever else they\
may differ, persons who )Tj
T*
(have had out-of-body experiences are quite unanimous in being certain th\
at these were )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(not )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(dreams. Yet, )Tj
T*
(during ordinary dreams, we are usually convinced of the actuality of wha\
t we later discover to have been )Tj
T*
(delusions. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(An example of one of my own experiences is, I believe, especially reveal\
ing in regard to the similarities )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(between dreaming and OBEs. Previously, I had had several lucid dreams in\
which I dreamed I could see )Tj
T*
(my "sleeping body" in bed. I refer to them as lucid dreams rather than O\
BEs because that is how I )Tj
T*
(interpreted them at the time. In my opinion, lucid dreams and OBEs are n\
ecessarily distinguished by )Tj
T*
(only one essential feature: how the person interprets the experience at \
the time. The primary )Tj
T*
(qualification for an OBE is the sensation of being outside the body. Per\
haps it would be less misleading )Tj
T*
(to describe this experience as an "out-of-body sensation" \(OBS\) rather\
than an "out-of-body experience." )Tj
T*
(So, if you )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(believe, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(in some sense, that you are "out of your body," you are )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(having, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(by definition, an "out-)Tj
T*
(of-body" experience. This definition sidesteps the question of whether o\
r not you have actually left your )Tj
T*
(physical body. However, no experience guarantees the actual existence of\
the thing in question. In the )Tj
T*
(dark forest, one may experience a tree as a tiger, but it is still in fa\
ct only a tree. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(According to the traditional psychology of Tibetan Buddhism, all of our \
experiences are subjective and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(thus, by their very nature, no different in substance from what we call \
"dreams." This is also the point of )Tj
T*
(view of the cognitive psychology of the modern West. Granting this premi\
se\227and scientifically )Tj
T*
(speaking, it is impossible to argue with it\227it would be difficult to \
name any experience that was not a )Tj
T*
(sort of dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Consequently, my assumption that OBEs are necessarily a certain species \
of dream made the following )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(experience all the more startling. Aware that I was in a dream, but with\
the image of what I had been )Tj
T*
(dreaming about fading, I tried to hold onto it. Throwing myself into the\
darkness, I found myself )Tj
T*
(crawling down a dark tunnel on my hands and knees. At first I could see \
nothing, but when I touched my )Tj
T*
(eyelids I was able to open them, and I suddenly found myself floating ac\
ross the room toward Dawn, )Tj
T*
(who was sleeping on the couch. I looked back to see my "body" asleep on \
the living room floor. )Tj
T*
(Somehow, I was completely convinced that this was not a dream, but that \
I really was seeing my )Tj
T*
(sleeping body. Dawn awoke and started to speak, and I felt myself magnet\
ically drawn back into the )Tj
T*
(body asleep on the floor. When I arrived, I got up in this body \(which \
I took to be my physical body\) )Tj
T*
(and excitedly said to her, "Do you know what just happened to me? An out\
-of-body experience of the )Tj
T*
(genuine kind!" After this I was looking through a stamp book, when I fou\
nd myself flying \(like )Tj
T*
(Superman\) in the air over Germany. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(I was shocked to awaken a few minutes later in my bed and realize that I\
had been sleeping all along. By )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(now my brain was working well enough to note the general implausibility \
of my previous interpretation )Tj
T*
(of the recent events. I could see, for instance, the inconsistencies imp\
lied by my belief that the body I )Tj
T*
(had seen asleep on the floor, and entered from my supposed "other body,"\
was actually my physical )Tj
ET
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(body. Were it not for the physical impossibility of traveling to Germany\
once I had opened a stamp )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(book, and the waking testimony of Dawn, I might still be convinced that \
what had happened was not a )Tj
T*
(dream. And this in spite of all "reason" to the contrary. What we know "\
for certain," reason is powerless )Tj
T*
(to doubt. When you see your hand in front of you, can you really doubt i\
t is your hand? Actually, what )Tj
T*
(we know for certain only means what we assume or believe we know. My "ou\
t-of-body experience of )Tj
T*
(the genuine kind" serves as a reminder that we can be totally mistaken a\
bout what seems indubitable. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The lucid dream is sometimes considered an inferior form of the OBE. But\
I believe the opposite may be )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the case, as may have already occurred to readers who remember the progr\
ession of stages through )Tj
T*
(which children develop an understanding of "dreaming." To review briefly\
: at the earliest stage, children )Tj
T*
(believe that dreams take place in the same \(external\) world as the res\
t of their experiences. Having )Tj
T*
(learned, mainly through their parents, that dreams are somehow different\
from waking experiences, they )Tj
T*
(next treat dreams as if they were partially external and partially inter\
nal. This transitional stage gives )Tj
T*
(way to a third stage in which children recognize that a dream is entirel\
y internal in nature\227a purely )Tj
T*
(mental experience. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(These developmental stages refer, of course, to the conceptual terms in \
which children think of the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dream after awakening. While dreaming, children and adults alike tend to\
remain at the first stage, )Tj
T*
(implicitly assuming that dream events are external reality. Likewise, "a\
stral projectors," who explicitly )Tj
T*
(believe that what they are experiencing is external reality, are at this\
same stage. However, most typical )Tj
T*
(OBEs, with their somewhat contradictory mixture of the mental and the ma\
terial, would seem to provide )Tj
T*
(examples of the second stage. Only with the fully lucid dream does the d\
reamer arrive at the third stage )Tj
T*
(of conceptual clarity: realizing that the experience is entirely mental \
and clearly distinguishing the )Tj
T*
(dream from the physical world. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In support of the notion that OBEs are generally the result of misinterp\
reted dream experiences, let me )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(offer a personal observation. In about one percent of the lucid dreams i\
n my record, I felt I was in some )Tj
T*
(sense out of my body. In every case, when examining the experience after\
awakening, I noted some )Tj
T*
(deficiency in either my memory or my critical thinking during the experi\
ence. In one such situation, I )Tj
T*
(tried to memorize the serial number of a dollar bill to verify later whe\
ther I really had been out of my )Tj
T*
(body or not. When I awoke, I couldn't recall the number, but it hardly m\
attered. I remembered that I )Tj
T*
(hadn't lived in the house I thought I was asleep in for several years. I\
n another instance, I was floating )Tj
T*
(near the ceiling of my living room, looking at some photos that I knew I\
hadn't seen before\227on top of a )Tj
T*
(cabinet\227given my habitual confinement to walking on the floor rather \
than on the ceiling! My hopes of )Tj
T*
(verifying this paranormally gained information evaporated in a flash whe\
n I remembered upon )Tj
T*
(awakening that I hadn't lived in )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(this )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(house for more than twenty years! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In contrast, during most of my lucid dreams I can remember where I am sl\
eeping \(if it matters\) and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(usually have as accurate a notion of the date as I normally have while a\
wake. Frequently, I know what )Tj
T*
(time it is to within a few minutes. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(From this I suggest that imperfect brain function during REM sleep may a\
t times give rise to incomplete )Tj
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(lucidity during dreaming. This state is characterized by partial amnesia\
, inadequate reality testing, and )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(interpreting the experience as being out-of-body rather than dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(All in all, the quality of reasoning during OBEs seems to resemble Nietz\
sche's description of the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(reasoning typical of primitive humanity, and also of dreamers today: "Th\
e first )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(causa )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(which occurred to )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(the mind to explain anything that required an explanation was sufficient\
and stood for truth.")Tj
ET
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0 0 0 rg
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( This )Tj
-37.81229 -1.2 Td
(uncritical state of mind is like the one in which many pre-lucid dreamer\
s accept implausible proof that )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(they are )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(not )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(dreaming. I believe a similar state of mind characterizes the reasoning \
whereby people )Tj
T*
(convince themselves that they really are out-of-body. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In fairness, it should be pointed out that the manner in which OBEs are \
typically initiated makes the out-)Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(of-body interpretation seem almost beyond questioning: the person finds \
oneself awake in bed, and then, )Tj
T*
(with no more notice than a feeling of vibration or melting, one finds on\
eself "peeling," "stepping," or )Tj
T*
("floating" out of the body. Most people accept uncritically that what )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(seems )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(to be the natural explanation )Tj
T*
(is the true explanation of the experience. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In accordance with Nietzsche's contention above, "leaving one's body" is\
the first )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(causa )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(to occur to the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreaming mind, and it is accepted on face value as )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(the )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(explanation. One of the reasons people might be )Tj
T*
(likely to label such an experience as out-of-body rather than dreaming i\
s that it seems to happen while )Tj
T*
(they are awake. Obviously, if they are awake, they can't be dreaming, an\
d if they aren't dreaming, they )Tj
T*
(must be doing what it seems they are doing\227traveling "out-of-body." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This all seems straightforward enough, except for one awkward fact: in a\
variety of circumstances, it )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(may be extremely difficult to determine whether you are asleep or awake,\
only dreaming or really )Tj
T*
(seeing. These states of confusion are especially likely to occur during \
the sleep paralysis, a condition )Tj
T*
(that sometime results when a person partially awakens from REM sleep and\
finds himself unable to )Tj
T*
(move. This occurs because the part of the brain that prevents him from a\
cting out his dreams has for )Tj
T*
(some reason temporarily continued to function even though the person is \
otherwise "awake." Although )Tj
T*
(the physiological basis for sleep paralysis has only recently been uncov\
ered, the state and the )Tj
T*
(hallucinatory experiences associated with it have been known for many ye\
ars. For example, Eleanor )Tj
T*
(Rowland described some of her experiences during this confusing blend of\
dream and reality in a 1908 )Tj
T*
(paper entitled "A Case of Visual Sensations During Sleep": )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(It often happens that dream persons issue from behind a real door, a dre\
am hand moves )Tj
T*
(along a real wall, and a dream figure sits upon the real bed. Since my v\
ision is so accurate, )Tj
T*
(I cannot reassure myself by being certain that I am asleep. Nor am I in \
a slumber deep )Tj
T*
(enough to accept any dream that comes without comment. My reasoning powe\
rs are )Tj
T*
(active at such times, and I commune thus with myself: "No one can have o\
pened the door, )Tj
T*
(for you know you locked it." "But I see a figure distinctly standing at \
my elbow, and it has )Tj
T*
(knocked on the door twice." "You are probably asleep." "How can I be? I \
see and hear as )Tj
T*
(distinctly as I ever do." "Why, then, don't you push the figure away?" "\
I will. Here I am )Tj
T*
(doing it." "No\227you are not doing it at all, for you can see that you \
have not moved an )Tj
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(inch." "Then I am asleep after all\227the figure is not there, and I nee\
d not be afraid of it.")Tj
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( )Tj
-38.87044 -2.55714 Td
(The lesson to be learned from all this is that it is not always easy to \
determine which world you are )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(living in at any given time: telling dreams from reality is no easy matt\
er. Neither biological nor cultural )Tj
T*
(evolution has prepared you to any significant extent for this particular\
task. Distinguishing one state of )Tj
T*
(consciousness from another is a cognitive skill learned in exactly the s\
ame way you learned, as a child, )Tj
T*
(to comprehend the gibberish of sounds that became your native language\227\
by practice. The more )Tj
T*
(practice you gain in lucid dreaming, the easier you will find it not to \
be fooled into thinking you are )Tj
T*
(awake when you are dreaming. The more experience you have had with recog\
nizing false awakenings, )Tj
T*
(sleep paralysis, and other phenomena associated with REM sleep, the more\
likely it is that when you )Tj
T*
("leave your body" you will recognize it as a lucid dream. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This, in fact, is what we have observed with most of our experienced one\
ironauts. They quite frequently )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(describe lucid dreams initiated from brief awakenings within REM periods\
as "leaving their bodies," )Tj
T*
(even though we all agree that while this terminology effectively capture\
s the way the experience actually )Tj
T*
(feels, it does not presumably describe what really happens. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(As an example of the peculiar form taken by these experiences, consider \
one of Roy Smith's laboratory )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lucid dreams. While lying on his right side, he began turning to the lef\
t and felt as though he had "left )Tj
T*
(his body." He saw a scene of a field, and signaled lucidity about seven \
times. Next appeared a glowing )Tj
T*
(reddish light, so he turned to the right toward it, and flew down an all\
ey. At this point, he resumed )Tj
T*
(signaling although he was later unsure of exactly how many times he had \
moved his eyes\227it might have )Tj
T*
(been nine. In any case, he continued to fly down the alley until he saw \
the moon\227full and strikingly )Tj
T*
(luminous. Upon seeing the stars above, he decided to try to unite them w\
ith the moon. But it was too )Tj
T*
(late. Already he felt his body paralyzed in bed. He wanted to wake up an\
d signal someone, and after )Tj
T*
(what seemed like a very strenuous effort, he succeeded in awakening and \
pressed the call button. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Before I offer an explanation for what I believe may actually be happeni\
ng in experiences of this kind, I )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(would like to describe one of my own wake-within-REM-initiated lucid dre\
ams. It was the middle of the )Tj
T*
(night, and I had evidently just awakened from a REM period since I effor\
tlessly recalled a dream. I was )Tj
T*
(lying face down in bed, drowsily reviewing the story of my dream, when s\
uddenly I experienced a very )Tj
T*
(curious sensation of tingling and heaviness in my arms. They became so h\
eavy, in fact, that one of them )Tj
T*
(seemed to melt over the side of the bed! I recognized this distortion of\
my body image as a sign that I )Tj
T*
(was reentering REM sleep. As I relaxed more deeply, I felt my entire bod\
y become paralyzed, although I )Tj
T*
(could still seem to feel its position in bed. I reasoned that this feeli\
ng was most likely a memory image )Tj
T*
(and that actual sensory input was cut off just as much as motor output w\
as. I was, in short, asleep. At )Tj
T*
(this point, I )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(imagined )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(raising my arm and experienced this imagined movement as if I had separa\
ted an )Tj
T*
(equally real arm from the physical one I knew to be paralyzed. Then, wit\
h a similar imagined )Tj
T*
(movement, I "rolled" out of my physical body entirely. I was now, accord\
ing to my understanding, )Tj
T*
(wholly in a dream body in a dream of my bedroom. The body I had seemed t\
o leave, and which I now )Tj
T*
(dreamed I saw lying on the bed, I quite lucidly realized to be a dream r\
epresentation of my physical )Tj
T*
(body; indeed, it evaporated as soon as I put my attention elsewhere. Fro\
m here, I flew off into the )Tj
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(dawn. ... )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(I would say that having awakened from REM sleep, I was \(as always\) exp\
eriencing my )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(body image )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(in a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(position calculated by my brain. Since this calculation was based on acc\
urate information about the )Tj
T*
(physical world obtained through my awake, and therefore functional, sens\
es, the body position I )Tj
T*
(experienced corresponded to my actual position of lying in bed. Since du\
ring sleep \(particularly REM\), )Tj
T*
(sensory input from the external world is actively suppressed, my sensory\
systems at the point when I )Tj
T*
(returned to REM sleep no longer provided my brain with information regar\
ding the physical world. )Tj
T*
(Thus, my brain's representation of my body image was no longer constrain\
ed by sensory information )Tj
T*
(concerning my body's actual orientation in physical space and I was free\
to move it in mental space to )Tj
T*
(any new position that I chose. With no sensory input to contradict me, I\
could freely "travel" anywhere )Tj
T*
(in mental space. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Let us consider, for comparison, an alternate theory: OBEs as astral pro\
jection. The idea of the astral )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(world was brought to the West and popularized by Madame Blavatsky in the\
last century. According to )Tj
T*
(her doctrine of Theosophy, the world is composed of seven planes of exis\
tence, and each plane is made )Tj
T*
(up of atoms of varying degrees of refinement. The physical world is the \
coarsest of all. On the next )Tj
T*
(level, the "etheric" plane, we find a second body\227but this is not yet\
the "astral body," only the "etheric )Tj
T*
(body" normally attached to the physical body and serving to keep all sev\
en bodies in communication. )Tj
T*
(The next plane is the "astral one," where we find the body we have been \
looking for. The astral world is )Tj
T*
(made of astral matter, which is superimposed on physical matter, and eve\
rything in the physical world )Tj
T*
(has its counterpart in the astral world. However, there are more things \
found on the astral plane than on )Tj
T*
(the physical, including a menagerie of spirits, elementals, and discarna\
te entities of all sorts. What is )Tj
T*
(more to the point here is that the astral body is supposed to be able to\
travel on the astral plane, free of )Tj
T*
(the physical body, and since the astral world is supposed to contain a c\
opy of everything in the physical )Tj
T*
(world, it would seem an easy matter to gain information from distant pla\
ces by speedy travel there. )Tj
T*
(\(There are many difficulties with the astral-projection theory of dream\
ing and OBEs. Just to name one, I )Tj
T*
(can recall lucid dreams in which I viewed a dream representation of my b\
edroom that was missing a )Tj
T*
(good deal of "astral" matter: a whole wall and window, in fact!\) But my\
intention here is not to expound )Tj
T*
(the theory of astral projection, rather to translate their terms into mi\
ne. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(What occultists have termed "astral travel," I am calling "mental travel\
"; instead of "astral world," I say )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
("mental world." As for the mysterious entity elsewhere referred to as th\
e "astral body," "second body," )Tj
T*
("double," or "phantom," I regard it as an experiential reality that I ha\
ve identified with the body image, )Tj
T*
(but the most straightforward term for it may simply be "the dream body."\
)Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This dream body is our mental representation of our actual physical body\
. But it is the only body that we )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(ever directly experience. We know, by direct acquaintance, only the cont\
ents of our minds. All of our )Tj
T*
(knowledge concerning the physical world, including even the assumed exis\
tence of our "first" or )Tj
T*
(physical bodies, is by inference. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Just because our knowledge of external reality is indirect, it should no\
t lead us to conclude that mind )Tj
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(alone exists or that the physical world is merely an illusion. Due to it\
s representational nature, it is our )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(mental world that is the illusion. Our mental experiences can be compare\
d to watching television. The )Tj
T*
(televised events are merely projected pictures having only the semblance\
of reality. Whether or not the )Tj
T*
(events we see on TV have any correspondence with actual events is anothe\
r matter. When, for instance, )Tj
T*
(we watch a news program, we trust we are witnessing the depiction of eve\
nts that actually occurred. If )Tj
T*
(we see a man killed we expect him to be, in fact, dead. In contrast, whe\
n we see an actor "killed" on a )Tj
T*
(TV melodrama, we consequently expect )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(him )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(rather than his widow to collect his paycheck! )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In both of these cases, what we experienced were illusions, in the sense\
that the events that apparently )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(took place on our TV set were only the images of events that may or may \
not have actually occurred in )Tj
T*
(external reality. This is the necessary condition of )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(all )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(of our experiences: as mental representations, they )Tj
T*
(are the images of the things they represent\227not the things themselves\
. It is informative to specify the )Tj
T*
(relation between the image and the thing it represents. Our two examples\
represent opposite degrees of )Tj
T*
(possible correspondence. In the case of the actor, there was no relation\
ship between the theatrical )Tj
T*
("death" and actuality. In contrast, the news program showed us the image\
of an event that precisely )Tj
T*
(corresponded to the occurrence of an actual event. Thus we accept the ne\
ws as accurately expressing )Tj
T*
(reality. One can easily imagine TV productions possessing degrees of tru\
th anywhere between the two )Tj
T*
(extremes we have considered, such as a dramatic enactment of a true stor\
y, or a news program )Tj
T*
(mistakenly reporting that a man has been killed when he has in fact only\
been wounded. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Now imagine a person confined to a room; his entire experience of the ou\
tside world is limited to what )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(he or she sees on television. Such a person might well regard TV as the \
primary reality, and "the outside )Tj
T*
(world" as a derivative and unnecessary hypothesis. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(I am suggesting by this metaphor that we are all in a very similar situa\
tion: the room we are confined in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(corresponds to our minds, and the TV programs to the news and fantasies \
of the external world brought )Tj
T*
(to us by our senses. All of the foregoing references to television image\
s equally apply to the mental )Tj
T*
(images out of which we construct our worlds. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In the terms I have proposed here, being in the body means constructing \
a )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(mental )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(body image. Because )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(it is based on sensory information, it accurately represents the body's \
position in physical space. While )Tj
T*
(dreaming, we are out of touch with our bodies and consequently liberated\
from the physical constraints )Tj
T*
(imposed by waking perception. Thus, no awkward sensory facts are present\
to limit our movement in )Tj
T*
(mental space, and we are free to move out of the spatial orientation def\
ined by "being in the \(physical\) )Tj
T*
(body." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The part of us that "leaves the body" travels in mental, not physical sp\
ace. Consequently, it would seem )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(reasonable to suppose that we never "leave our bodies" because we are ne\
ver in them. Where "we" are )Tj
T*
(when we experience anything at all\227OBEs included\227is in )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(mental )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(space. Milton's famous phrase, "The )Tj
T*
(Mind is its own place," goes not quite far enough. The mind is not merel\
y its own place, the mind is its )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
T*
(only )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(place. )Tj
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(We are now ready to address an empirical aspect of the OBE phenomenon. P\
ersons undergoing OBEs )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(frequently believe they are paranormally perceiving happenings taking pl\
ace in the physical world. )Tj
T*
(Unfortunately, in most cases, this belief takes the form of an untested \
assumption. Like the events we )Tj
T*
(see on TV, what we see during OBEs could have )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(any )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(degree of correspondence with physical reality. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The generally unquestioned assumption underlying OBEs is that the person\
is actually situated, in an )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(unexplained way, somewhere in the physical world other than his or her p\
hysical body. An implication )Tj
T*
(of this is that what the persons sees while "out-of-body" ought to be an\
accurate reflection of physical )Tj
T*
(reality, entirely analogous to ordinary perception. Rarely are either of\
these assumptions subjected to a )Tj
T*
(rigorous test or, for that matter, to any test at all. These are empiric\
al questions that can and should be )Tj
T*
(settled by scientific experiment. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Are there any scientific data that might allow us to arrive at a verdict\
on the claim that OBE vision is )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(valid? In fact, a good deal of relevant evidence is available, along wit\
h a number of studies of OBE )Tj
T*
(vision that meet the standards of rigorous control required by exact sci\
ence. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(There are two ways of broadly viewing the results of these studies. Firs\
t of all, we have the summary of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Karlis Osis, Director of Research at the American Society for Psychical \
Research. This society, in an )Tj
T*
(effort to produce evidence for survival after death, undertook an extens\
ive investigation of OBE )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(perception.)Tj
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( In the course of the study, approximately a hundred subjects, all of wh\
om believed they )Tj
-5.18529 -1.2 Td
(were proficient in inducing OBEs and possessed paranormal perceptual abi\
lities during OBEs, were )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(tested under controlled conditions. While confined to one room, the subj\
ects induced OBEs and "visited" )Tj
T*
(a distant target room, attempting afterward to describe in detail what t\
hey had "seen" while there. A )Tj
T*
(comparison of their reports with the actual contents of the target room \
revealed, in all but a few cases, )Tj
T*
(absolutely no indication of any correspondence whatsoever. In other word\
s, in the great majority of )Tj
T*
(these cases, there was no evidence supporting accurate OBE perception or\
the validity of the subjects' )Tj
T*
(convictions that they had actually left their bodies. Moreover, these su\
bjects were described by Osis as )Tj
T*
(being "the cr\350me of the claimants" of OBEs. I believe the results of \
this study strongly support my "OBE )Tj
T*
(as misinterpreted lucid dream" theory. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(As for OBE vision, in the words of Dr. Osis, "the bulk of the cases seem\
to be a mirage." At best, OBE )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(vision seems a highly variable and unreliable mode of perception "rangin\
g from fairly good \(i.e., clearly )Tj
T*
(distinguishing some objects\) to complete failure \(i.e., producing very\
foggy or totally incorrect images\)." )Tj
T*
(Moreover, Osis added, "of those individuals in our studies who have show\
n some signs of OBE )Tj
T*
(perceptual power, we did not find a single one who could see things clea\
rly every time he felt he was out )Tj
T*
(of body." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The great majority of alleged cases of OBE vision apparently show no gre\
ater degree of perceptual )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(ability in regard to the external world than we would expect from ordina\
ry dreams. This might, by itself, )Tj
T*
(suggest that the nature of OBEs would require no additional explanation \
than that already offered. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(But the existence of even occasional accurate OBE perceptions is a fact \
that still needs to be explained. )Tj
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(The traditional explanation holds that OBE vision is a form of direct pe\
rception by means of the senses )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(of a non-physical body. But there is an alternate explanation that is ph\
ilosophically sound, economical, )Tj
T*
(and \(most importantly\) in agreement with observation. It does not, in \
the first place, assume a condition )Tj
T*
(of unvarying accuracy during OBE or lucid dream vision. Instead, it sugg\
ests that like all other mental )Tj
T*
(imagery, this form of perception may be relatively more accurate at some\
time than others. Mental )Tj
T*
(experiences can be ordered on a spectrum ranging from little or no relat\
ion to external reality \(e.g., )Tj
T*
("hallucinations"\) at one end, to near perfect correspondence with actua\
lity \(e.g., "perception"\) on the )Tj
T*
(other end. Moreover, there can be any degree of relationship in between,\
and it is somewhere in this )Tj
T*
(middle ground that dreams and OBEs generally fall. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(What I am proposing is that the select minority of accurate OBE reports \
are simply cases of dream )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(telepathy. To some people, this may seem like explaining the mysterious \
in terms of the more )Tj
T*
(mysterious. Dream telepathy is a fact only barely established and in no \
way satisfactorily understood or )Tj
T*
(explained. A question for future research is whether lucid dreamers and \
OBE-ers are more liable to )Tj
T*
(experience telepathy than ordinary dreamers. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Taken together, the out-of-body experiences with which we have become fa\
miliar do not seem to have )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lived up to the claim that they would "challenge our most basic assumpti\
ons concerning the nature of )Tj
T*
(reality." I have saved for last what may be the most mysterious of the r\
eality-shaking phenomena of the )Tj
T*
(world of dreams: I am referring to what are variously called "mutual," "\
reciprocal," or "shared" dreams. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(These are the perplexing experiences in which two or more people report \
having had similar if not )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(identical dreams. In some of these cases, the reports are so remarkably \
alike that one is almost )Tj
T*
(compelled to conclude that the dream sharers have been present together \
in the same dream )Tj
T*
(environment. If this does occur, it would imply that at least in certain\
cases, the dream world\227and )Tj
T*
(likewise the dream bodies within it\227can possess some sort of objectiv\
e existence. On the other hand, )Tj
T*
(we may only share dream plots in mutual dreams, not the dreams themselve\
s. Let us examine a classical )Tj
T*
(account of ostensible reciprocal dreaming. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In Elmira, New York, on Tuesday, January 26, 1892, between 2 and 3 A.M.,\
Dr. Adele Gleason )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dreamed that she stood in a lonesome place in the dark woods and that gr\
eat fear came over her, at )Tj
T*
(which point she dreamed that John Joslyn, her attorney and friend, came \
to her and shook a tree by her, )Tj
T*
(causing its leaves to burst into flame. When the two friends met four da\
ys later, Adele mentioned having )Tj
T*
(had a "strange dream" last Tuesday night. John stopped her at once, repl\
ying, "Don't tell it to me. Let me )Tj
T*
(describe it, for I )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(know )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(that I dreamt the same thing." At approximately the same time on Tuesday\
night, )Tj
T*
(he had awakened from a no less strange dream of his own and written down\
the following remarkably )Tj
T*
(similar account: He had found Adele in a lonely wood after dark, "appare\
ntly paralyzed with fear of )Tj
T*
(something I did not see, rooted to the spot by the feeling of imminent d\
anger. I came up to her and shook )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(the bush, upon which the leaves that fell from it burst into flame")Tj
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( )Tj
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(Although these two dream reports are remarkably similar, they are not qu\
ite identical. For example, )Tj
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(Adele made a tree of what for John was only a bush; the leaves burned on\
her tree, while his turned to )Tj
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(flame while falling. The original reports show other discrepancies as we\
ll. I would interpret this as an )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(instance of shared dreaming as caused by Adele's telepathic transmission\
of an SOS, along with highly )Tj
T*
(charged dream imagery to her friend. John, for his part, responded to hi\
s friend's call for help by )Tj
T*
(telepathically initiating and sharing a visionary experience strikingly \
reminiscent of Moses' burning )Tj
T*
(bush. This is a truly amazing tale of two dreams, yet it does seem to me\
more strongly supportive of the )Tj
T*
(hypothesis of shared dream plots rather than shared dream worlds. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(A somewhat more convincing anecdote is provided by Oliver Fox. "I had be\
en spending the evening )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(with two friends, Slade and Elkington," wrote Fox, "and our conversation\
had turned to the subject of )Tj
T*
(dreams. Before parting, we agreed to meet, if possible, on Southampton C\
ommon in our dreams that )Tj
T*
(night." Later that night, Fox claimed that he dreamed he met Elkington o\
n the common "as arranged." )Tj
T*
(So far, so good, "but Slade was not present." According to Fox, both he \
and Elkington knew they were )Tj
T*
(dreaming, and commented on Slade's absence, "after which the dream ended\
, being of very short )Tj
T*
(duration." Fox tells us that that when he saw Elkington the next day he \
asked him whether he had )Tj
T*
(dreamed. "Yes," Elkington replied, "I met you on the Common all right an\
d knew I was dreaming, but )Tj
T*
(old Slade didn't turn up. We had just time to greet each other and comme\
nt on his absence, then the )Tj
T*
(dream ended." This, to Oliver Fox's mind, "perhaps accounted for" Slade'\
s "inability to keep the )Tj
T*
(appointment." What happened to Slade? Fox was able to settle the mystery\
to his own satisfaction. )Tj
T*
(When the two friends finally found Slade and asked him what had happened\
, he replied that he "had not )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(dreamed at all.")Tj
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( )Tj
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(Intriguing as this particular case appears, it is marred by Fox's failur\
e to report the exact time of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(occurrence of the two lucid dreams. Although the dreams are described as\
occuring on the same night, if )Tj
T*
(they happened at different times \(that is, if Fox and Elkington were no\
t in REM sleep at the same time\), )Tj
T*
(it would favor the hypothesis of shared dream plots rather than a shared\
dream. In any case, Fox was )Tj
T*
(unable to repeat "this small success" in mutual lucid dreaming and expre\
ssed the belief that "it is an )Tj
T*
(extremely rare occurrence for two people to share approximately the same\
dream experience." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The examples we have so far considered were both once-in-a-lifetime expe\
riences for the dream sharers. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(In contrast, there are suggestions that mutual dreaming abilities have b\
een cultivated to a high level by a )Tj
T*
(number of Sufi mystics. Aside from various stories of Sufi masters being\
able to appear in the dreams of )Tj
T*
(anyone they choose, there is the report of a group of dervishes who expl\
ored the world of dreams on the )Tj
T*
(island of Rhodes in the sixteenth century. The dervishes were presided o\
ver by a sheikh, "a certain )Tj
0 -1.20001 TD
(Hudai effendi" who not only "practiced all the virtues, cultivated all t\
he sciences and read books in the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(majority of Classical languages" but "devoted himself to the cultivation\
of collective dreams." In an )Tj
T*
(isolated monastery atop a small hill on the island, "master and disciple\
s purified themselves bodily, )Tj
T*
(mentally and spiritually together; they got into an enormous bed togethe\
r, a bed which contained the )Tj
T*
(whole congregation. They recited the same secret formula together and ha\
d the same dream." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(A remarkable story is told of an encounter between this dream master of \
Rhodes and Suleiman the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Magnificent, the sultan of Turkey. One day, during a military campaign i\
n Corinthia, Suleiman found )Tj
T*
(himself in a seemingly impossible dilemma, and none of his advisors coul\
d devise any plan of action )Tj
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(whatsoever. Fortunately, the sultan remembered that Hudai effendi's emis\
sary was still in his camp. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Since the dreammaster had helped him in the past out of no less difficul\
t circumstances, Suleiman )Tj
T*
(summoned the dervish and, providing him with travel expenses and safe co\
nduct passes, asked him how )Tj
T*
(many weeks he would need to journey to Rhodes and return to the imperial\
camp with the sheikh. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
("The dervish gave an involuntary smile. 'Sire,' he replied, 'I thank you\
for the travel expenses and the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(safe-conduct. I have no need of them. True, the vulgar the island of Rho\
des is far from here, but the )Tj
T*
(venerated Sheikh Hudai is no distance from Your August Highness's camp. \
I undertake to summon him )Tj
T*
(tonight, even before morning prayers.' " )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Misunderstanding the nature of the Sufi's words, the sultan was "astonis\
hed at the holy man's presence in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the neighborhood of his camp," and gave the dervish purses full of gold \
and silver, but he refused them. )Tj
T*
(In return, the dervish offered Suleiman a "soporific apple," which the S\
ultan peeled and ate. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
0 -2.55714 TD
("Then )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(the mysterious man went to sleep," as did the sultan himself. Previously\
, he had ordered his men )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(to awaken him at the arrival of Hudai effendi. But when the master faile\
d to appear, they laughed at the )Tj
T*
(dervish and mocked their sovereign's "credulity and senility." When at d\
awn the muezzin of the army )Tj
T*
(began the morning call to prayer, the Great Eunuch gently woke the sulta\
n, and after wishing him good )Tj
T*
(morning as well as a brilliant victory over the enemy, whispered ironica\
lly: "sire, no news of Sheikh )Tj
T*
(Hudai effendi. It looks as if his disciple is a fraud." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
("Silence, you utter imbecile," roared the sultan, "Silence! The illustri\
ous Master has deigned to visit me. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(I have had a long conversation with him and I tell you that my faithful \
armies have won the most )Tj
T*
(brilliant of victories, less than an hour ago. Await the messenger's arr\
ival." The enemy commander had )Tj
T*
(passed out just as the battle was about to begin, and his subordinates w\
ere unable to carry on without )Tj
T*
(him, with the result as described by the sultan via Sheikh Hudai. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Evidently, "at a dream signal from the humble disciple," Hudai effendi h\
ad visited and advised Suleiman)Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(\227in a dream. Moreover, there is the suspicion that the dream master m\
ay have somehow been involved )Tj
T*
(in the enemy commander's mysterious loss of consciousness, which resulte\
d in what would seem "the )Tj
T*
(most accidental" in spite of being called "the most brilliant" of victor\
ies for the armies of Suleiman the )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(Magnificent.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(Fascinating as this and other anecdotes of mutual dreaming may be, they \
bring us no nearer to deciding )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(between the competing interpretations of the phenomenon. One might wonde\
r whether there is any way )Tj
T*
(the question could definitely be settled. I propose that there is an emp\
irical test: Two oneironauts could )Tj
T*
(have simultaneous lucid dreams while being monitored in a sleep laborato\
ry. They would agree to meet )Tj
T*
(in their lucid dreams and signal simultaneously. If the experience were \
truly a mutual dream\227that is, if )Tj
T*
(the lucid dreamers actually sharing a dream world\227simultaneous eye-mo\
vement signals would show up )Tj
T*
(in their polygraph recordings. If, on the other hand, they reported carr\
ying out this task in a mutual lucid )Tj
T*
(dream but did not show simultaneous signals, we would have to conclude t\
hat they were at most sharing )Tj
T*
(dream plots. )Tj
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(Let us be sure to appreciate the significance of such an experiment. If \
the mutual lucid dreamers failed to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(show simultaneous signals, it would be neither surprising nor especially\
significant. However, if they did )Tj
T*
(produce simultaneous eye-movement signals, we have incontrovertable proo\
f for the objective existence )Tj
T*
(of the dream world. We would then know that, in certain circumstances at\
least, dreams can be as )Tj
T*
(objectively real as the world of physics. This would finally raise the q\
uestion of whether physical reality )Tj
T*
(is itself some kind of mutual dream. Perhaps what really happens is the \
balanced result of a myriad of )Tj
T*
(interactions contributed by all of us dreaming the dream of consensual r\
eality. But if not, then there's )Tj
T*
(always Bob Dylan's offer: "I'll let you be in my dream, if I can be in y\
ours." )Tj
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(10 )Tj
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(Dreaming, Death, and Transcendence)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 466.30402 Tm
(While ascending a mountain path I began to find it more and more difficu\
lt to climb. My legs took on )Tj
T*
(the familiar leaden feeling they sometimes have in dreams, and a dull he\
aviness spread through my )Tj
T*
(rapidly weakening body. My feelings of weariness deepened relentlessly u\
ntil I could only continue by )Tj
T*
(crawling\227but finally even this was too much for me and I was overcome\
with the feeling of certainty )Tj
T*
(that I was about to die of exhaustion. This realization of imminent deat\
h focused my attention with )Tj
T*
(remarkable clarity upon what I wanted to express with the one act of my \
life I had left: perfect )Tj
T*
(acceptance. Thus, gladly embracing death, I let go completely of my last\
breath, when to my amazement )Tj
T*
(and delight a rainbow flowed out of my heart and I awoke from the dream.\
)Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Years after this experience, the profound impact of this dream of death \
and transcendence continues to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(influence my beliefs concerning what may happen to us when we die. Becau\
se of this dream, I am )Tj
T*
(inclined to share Walt Whitman's view that to die is "different from wha\
t anyone supposed and luckier." )Tj
T*
(Yet I know that it was just a dream, and I wonder whether I, or others w\
ho have had similar experiences, )Tj
T*
(have sufficient grounds for trusting the belief that they have seen the \
truth. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Whatever relation this dream of death may bear to reality, it illustrate\
s an important truth about dreams. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(There is a common fear that if you die in a dream, you will not awaken a\
t all. Consequently, people )Tj
T*
(dreaming of death tend to fear and resist the experience. But my dream i\
llustrates what could happen )Tj
T*
(when the dreamer fully accepts a dream encounter with death. In cultures\
that consider death as )Tj
T*
(transformation rather than annihilation, such dreams are easier to accep\
t. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(According to Greek mythology, sleep is the brother of death, an indicati\
on that the two concepts have )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(long been closely associated in the human mind. The reason is easy to se\
e: both states are characterized )Tj
T*
(by an inactivity sharply contrasting with the animate movement of waking\
life. And since the soul was )Tj
T*
(regarded as leaving the body temporarily during sleep and permanently at\
death, sleep seemed a short )Tj
T*
(death and death a long sleep. The straightforward association of death a\
nd dreaming naturally follows )Tj
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(from dreaming's connection with sleep. And the associations of sleep, dr\
eaming, and death with the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(darkness of the underworld are all quite obvious. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Less obvious is that these symbolic associations have another side: drea\
ms, the children of sleep, also )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(represent the creative impulse to life, as expressed by the seed germina\
ting in the dark womb of the )Tj
T*
(earth. Moreover, sleep itself resembles the state of incipient life )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(in utero. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(As Freud observed, )Tj
T*
("Somatically, sleep is an act which reproduces intrauterine existence fu\
lfilling the conditions of repose, )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(warmth and the absence of stimulus; indeed in sleep many people resume f\
etal position.")Tj
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( This brings us )Tj
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(to the paradox that death, for the dreamer, most often signifies rebirth\
. As Ann Faraday suggests, "the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(most interesting dream death is our own, for this indicates the death of\
some obsolete self-image, from )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(which comes rebirth into a higher state of consciousness and authentic s\
elf-being.")Tj
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( )Tj
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(The association between death and transformation has long been recognize\
d in literature. In Thomas )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Mann's great alchemical novel, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Magic Mountain, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Hans Castorp's initiation into the mysteries of life )Tj
T*
(takes the form of a dream, and a lucid one at that, which answers and re\
solves all of his questions about )Tj
T*
(the seeming contradictions of life and death. Mann describes his hero as\
"searching for the Grail\227that is )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(to say, the Highest: knowledge, wisdom, consecration, the philosopher's \
stone ... the elixir of life.")Tj
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( Lost )Tj
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(in the perilous mountains, battered and blinded by a blizzard that very \
nearly costs him his life, Hans )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(loses consciousness of his surroundings and falls into the snow. During \
the same storm, he has seen in )Tj
T*
(the "too perfect symmetry" of the flakes of falling snow the coldness of\
"the very marrow of death." But )Tj
T*
(as he lies thoroughly immersed in the frozen ocean of death, he dreams h\
imself another, wholly different )Tj
T*
(world\227this one as delightful a vision of sunshine, comfort, and harmo\
ny as the other one was a blinding )Tj
T*
(vision of violence, elemental chaos, and harshness. Hans walks through t\
his idyllic scene, joyously )Tj
T*
(viewing the friendly and courteous behavior displayed everywhere by the \
happy, yet serious and in )Tj
T*
(every way noble, people of his dream. But then he discovers, to his horr\
or, a temple of human sacrifice )Tj
T*
(in which he witnesses two hideously ugly hags tearing apart a child over\
a witches' cauldron. The shock )Tj
T*
(brings him to his senses. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Upon half awakening to find himself lying nearly frozen in the snow, Han\
s Castorp says to himself, "I )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(felt it was a dream, all along ... lovely and horrible dream. I knew all\
the time that I was making it up )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(myself. . . . ")Tj
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( Without moving, he continues to reflect for some time on his "dream poe\
m of humanity," )Tj
-5.48714 -1.2 Td
(which he discovers possesses "both rhyme and reason. ... It is love, not\
reason, that is stronger than )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(death." His lucid dream, he declares, has brought him to this profound i\
nsight: "My dream has given it to )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(me, in utter clearness, that I may know it forever.")Tj
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( Of this, Hans Castorp's creator wrote that "if he does )Tj
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( Having done so, Hans awakens himself fully )Tj
-23.20815 -1.2 Td
(from his reverie, struggles to his feet, shakes off his frozen coat of s\
now, and returns to live another )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(several hundred pages. )Tj
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(The reader may object that the experiences of fictional characters are, \
well, )Tj
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(fictional, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(and therefore )Tj
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(unrelated to actuality. But the fact is that\227in life as well as in li\
terature\227people who have survived )Tj
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(actual or imagined encounters with death frequently report them to have \
been accompanied by )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(powerfully significant experiences. These life-changing visions currentl\
y are referred to most commonly )Tj
T*
(as "near-death experiences" \(NDEs\). The particular contents of NDEs va\
ry widely, as much as the )Tj
T*
(contents of OBEs, visions, lucid and non-lucid dreams. A useful picture \
of a thing can be sometimes )Tj
T*
(constructed by combining, features from a variety of different examples.\
Raymond Moody has provided )Tj
T*
(the public with such a picture of the NDE in his best-seller, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Life After Life:)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
( )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(A man is dying and, as he reaches the point of greatest physical distres\
s, he hears himself )Tj
T*
(pronounced dead by the doctor. He begins to hear an uncomfortable noise,\
a loud ringing )Tj
T*
(or buzzing, and at the same time feels himself moving very rapidly outsi\
de his own )Tj
T*
(physical body, but still in the same immediate physical environment, and\
sees his own )Tj
T*
(body from a distance as though he is a spectator. He watches the resusci\
tation attempt )Tj
T*
(from this vantage point and is in a state of emotional upheaval. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(After a while, he collects himself and becomes more accustomed to his od\
d condition. He )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(notices that he still has a "body," but one of a very different nature a\
nd with very different )Tj
T*
(powers from the physical body he has left behind. Some other things begi\
n to happen. )Tj
T*
(Others come to meet him and help him. He glimpses the spirits of relativ\
es and friends )Tj
T*
(who have already died, and a loving warm spirit of a kind he has never e\
ncountered before)Tj
T*
(\227a being of light\227appears before him. This being asks him a questi\
on, non-verbally, to )Tj
T*
(make him evaluate his life and helps him along by showing him a panorami\
c, )Tj
T*
(instantaneous playback of the major events in his life. At some point, h\
e finds himself )Tj
T*
(approaching some sort of barrier or border, apparently representing the \
limit between )Tj
T*
(earthly life and the next life. Yet, he finds that he must go back to ea\
rth, that the time for )Tj
T*
(his death has not yet come. At this point, he resists, for by now he is \
taken up with his )Tj
T*
(experiences in the afterlife and does not want to return. He is overwhel\
med by intense )Tj
T*
(feelings of joy, love, and peace. Despite his attitude, though, he is so\
mehow united with )Tj
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(his physical body and lives.)Tj
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( )Tj
-14.29729 -2.55714 Td
(It is important to remember that this account is a composite put togethe\
r by Dr. Moody from a variety of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(diverse anecdotal accounts, no one of which possesses all of its feature\
s. It is really therefore closer to )Tj
T*
(fiction than description, and may only provide us with an idealized pict\
ure of the NDE. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(NDEs seem to exhibit varying degrees of completeness. Kenneth Ring, a ps\
ychologist specializing in the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(study of NDEs, describes the experience as unfolding in a five-stage con\
tinuum. "The first stage )Tj
T*
(involves a feeling of extraordinary peace and contentment; the second st\
age is characterized by a sense )Tj
T*
(of detachment from one's physical body, i.e., an OBE; the third stage is\
described as entering a )Tj
T*
(transitional world of darkness; the hallmark of the fourth stage is a br\
illiant light of exceptional beauty; )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(and the last stage is one in which the subject experiences himself as 'e\
ntering the light.' ")Tj
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( Dr. Ring )Tj
-35.75914 -1.2 Td
(found that each of the five stages was reported by decreasing numbers of\
NDE subjects. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The resemblance of the NDE to certain aspects of dreams is quite obvious\
. For example, there are the )Tj
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(images )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(of relatives and friends who have already died and would therefore be si\
gnificantly associated )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(with the person's idea of death, which itself has been brought up by his\
fear or expectation of his own )Tj
T*
(impending death. There is also the obvious element of wish-fulfillment i\
nvolved in seeming to be in a )Tj
T*
(different body than one's own. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The popular press has treated the NDE in a credulous and sensationalisti\
c manner, interpreting it as )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(providing positive "proof" for life after death. Considering the fact th\
at no one who ever had an NDE )Tj
T*
(was )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(really )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(dead, the experience provides no more evidence for survival after death \
than OBEs provide )Tj
T*
(for the existence of any kind of "astral" body independent of the physic\
al body. A neurophysiologist )Tj
T*
(would be quick to point out that when the NDE occurs, the person's brain\
is still sufficiently intact to )Tj
T*
(produce the experience. In this regard, it is of interest to note that a\
deceased person's brain shows )Tj
T*
(considerable activity thirty minutes or more after clinical "death"\227t\
hat is, heart failure. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Like waking life, OBEs, and dreams, the near-death experience is still a\
n )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(experience. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(The question is, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(does it occur during death or during a more reversable sleep? Since our \
current sources of information )Tj
T*
(concerning what is supposed to happen at and after death are limited to \
what we gain in seances and )Tj
T*
("phone calls from the dead," we are not in a very favorable position to \
determine the validity of NDE )Tj
T*
(reports! I am not at all certain this is the most important question to \
answer, anyway. A dream need not )Tj
T*
(be literally true to be significant and meaningful\227for example, my ra\
inbow dream, which began this )Tj
T*
(chapter\227and the same applies to NDEs, which often possess the profoun\
dest significance for people )Tj
T*
(who have had them. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(People who have undergone near-death experiences frequently show fundame\
ntal and remarkably )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(positive transformations in their approaches to life. Noyes summarized t\
he changes as follows: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(A pattern of favorable attitude change resulting from near-death experie\
nces was )Tj
T*
(described that included the following: \(1\) a reduced fear of death; \(\
2\) a sense of relative )Tj
T*
(invulnerability; \(3\) a feeling of special importance or destiny; \(4\)\
a belief in having )Tj
T*
(received the special favor of God or fate; \(5\) a strengthened belief i\
n continued existence. )Tj
T*
(In addition to these elements that seemed directly related to the experi\
ence itself, several )Tj
T*
(more appeared to be associated with a heightened awareness of death that\
resulted from it. )Tj
T*
(These included: \(1\) a sense of the preciousness of life; \(2\) a feeli\
ng of urgency and )Tj
T*
(reevaluation of priorities; \(3\) a less cautious approach to life; \(4\)\
a more passive attitude )Tj
T*
(toward uncontrollable events. This pattern of change seemed to contribut\
e to the )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(emotional health and well-being of persons reporting it.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(Dr. Noyes added that "an opposite pattern was described by a few and app\
eared to be associated with )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(psychopathology. ..." However, for most people, the NDE has a profound a\
nd vivifying effect that those )Tj
T*
(of us who haven't experienced it might well envy. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(But is it possible to have an NDE or its equivalent without nearly dying\
? Kenneth Ring has suggested )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(that the NDE experience can take many forms; he quotes a line from Pluta\
rch that says, "At the moment )Tj
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(of death the soul experiences the same impressions as those who are init\
iated into the great Mysteries." )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Ring notes that "the modern world is witnessing the emergence of a new m\
ystery school where )Tj
T*
(resuscitation techniques administered by physicians have replaced hypnot\
ic procedures practiced by )Tj
T*
(high priests. The initiates of course are those who have suffered clinic\
al death and the initiation itself is )Tj
T*
(the NDE." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Ring regards the greatest benefit to be gained from the NDE \(at least i\
n its highest form\) as the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(possibility of realizing "who and what we truly are," a self far more ex\
pansive and all-encompassing )Tj
T*
(than the one we show in our daily lives. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(According to Dr. Ring, a person who has found this out, whether by fasti\
ng and prayer, drugs, accident, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(or as it were, "by itself," is no longer concerned about personal surviv\
al after death, because he or she )Tj
T*
(has experienced "eternal" existence. They could say, with Richard M. Buc\
ke, the author of )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Cosmic )Tj
T*
(Consciousness, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
("... I became conscious in myself of eternal life. It was not a convicti\
on that I would )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(have eternal life, but a consciousness that I possessed eternal life the\
n ...")Tj
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( In my view, and I believe )Tj
-30.00529 -1.2 Td
(Kenneth Ring would probably agree, the NDE is one path to a mystical exp\
erience. It is an experience )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(open to others so inclined, including perhaps lucid dreamers, as we shal\
l see at the end of this chapter. It )Tj
T*
(may not be clear why I am calling some NDEs mystical experiences. In tha\
t case, the following account )Tj
T*
(from a woman who nearly died during the delivery of her baby may clarify\
this point: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(The next thing I knew, I was in\227I was standing in a mist and I knew )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(immediately )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(that I )Tj
T*
(had died and I was )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(so )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(happy that I had died but I was still alive. And I cannot tell you how )Tj
T*
(I )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(felt. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(I was thinking, "oh, God I'm dead, but I'm here. I'm me!" And I started \
pouring out )Tj
T*
(these enormous feelings of gratitude because I still existed and yet I k\
new perfectly well )Tj
T*
(that I had died. ... )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(While I was pouring out these feelings ... the mist started being infilt\
rated with enormous )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(light and the light just got brighter and brighter and, as everybody say\
s, it was so bright )Tj
T*
(but it doesn't hurt your eyes, but it's brighter than anything you've ev\
er experienced in )Tj
T*
(your whole life. At that point, I had no consciousness anymore of having\
a body. It was )Tj
T*
(just pure consciousness. And this enormously bright light seemed almost \
to cradle me. I )Tj
T*
(just seemed to exist in it and be part of it and be nurtured by it and t\
he feeling just became )Tj
T*
(more and more and more ecstatic and glorious and perfect. And everything\
about it was\227)Tj
T*
(it just didn't bear any relationship to anything! The feeling\227if you \
took the one thousand )Tj
T*
(best things that ever happened to you in your life and multiplied by a m\
illion, maybe you )Tj
T*
(could get close to this feeling, I don't know. But you're just engulfed \
by it and you begin )Tj
T*
(to know a lot of things. I remember I knew that everything, everywhere i\
n the universe )Tj
T*
(was OK, that the plan was perfect. ... And the whole time I was in this \
state, it seemed )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(infinite. It was timeless. I was just an infinite being in perfection.)Tj
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( )Tj
-29.62444 -2.55714 Td
(One element of the NDE, as described in Western accounts, finds independ\
ent support in the traditional )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(teachings of the visionary culture of Tibet: "the Clear Light of Reality\
," according to the Tibetan )Tj
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(Buddhists, is briefly experienced by everyone at the moment of death. Mo\
reover, "unless the dying )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(person possesses, as a result of having successfully practised )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(yoga )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(while incarnate, the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(yogic )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(power to )Tj
T*
(hold fast to the after-death condition in which the Clear Light dawns, h\
e mentally sinks downward, stage )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(by stage, and the Clear Light of Reality fades from his consciousness.")Tj
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( )Tj
-29.03529 -2.55714 Td
(Adepts who recognize the Light of the after-death state as being of the \
same nature as dreams are )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(supposed to transcend the dream of life and death. The means by which on\
e attains this transcendence is )Tj
T*
(the yoga of the dream state. Through the practice of lucid dreaming duri\
ng his lifetime, the yogi is able )Tj
T*
(to experience the "dream of death" lucidly as well. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Dream yoga is not merely intended as a rehearsal for the final sleep of \
death. The serious follower of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dream yoga is attempting to awaken before death: "The whole purpose of t\
he Doctrine of Dreams is to )Tj
T*
(stimulate the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(yogin )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(to arise from the Sleep of Delusion, from the Nightmare of Existence, to\
break the )Tj
T*
(shackles in which )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(maya )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
([illusion] thus has held him prisoner throughout the aeons, and so attai\
n spiritual )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(peace and joy of Freedom, even as did the Fully Awakened One, Gautama th\
e Buddha.")Tj
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( )Tj
-35.97629 -2.55714 Td
(The first steps toward the dream yogi's goal of awakening involve becomi\
ng proficient in )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
("comprehending the nature of the dream state." Once the yogi has become \
an accomplished lucid )Tj
T*
(dreamer, he proceeds to the next stage, "transmuting the dream-content,"\
in which the initial exercise is )Tj
T*
(the following: "If, for example the dream be about fire, think, 'what fe\
ar can there be of fire which )Tj
T*
(occurreth in a dream!' Holding to this thought, trample upon the fire. I\
n like manner, tread underfoot )Tj
T*
(whatever be dreamt." After gaining sufficient skill in controlling his r\
eactions to the contents of his lucid )Tj
T*
(dreams, the yogi goes on to more advanced exercises, and by means of the\
se he masters the ability to )Tj
T*
(visit\227in his lucid dreams\227any realm of existence desired. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The next stage of practice is called "realizing the dream-state, or drea\
m-content to be )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(maya )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
([illusion]." )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(According to Buddhist doctrine, the entire universe of forms, or separat\
e existence, is an illusory )Tj
T*
(appearance or "dream." This should be a familiar idea to readers of the \
previous chapter, where it was )Tj
T*
(argued that all experiences are necessarily mental representations and, \
as the subjective products of our )Tj
T*
(brains, are thus of the same nature as dreams. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(At the third stage, the dream yogi is advised to practice the transforma\
tion of dream content into its )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(opposite. For example, the lucid dreamer should transform the dream, if \
it be of fire, into water; if it be )Tj
T*
(of small things, into large; if it be of one thing, into many, and so on\
. Thus, the text explains, the lucid )Tj
T*
(dreamer comprehends the nature of dimensions and of plurality and unity.\
)Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(After becoming "thoroughly proficient" in the art of transforming dream \
content, the yogi turns his )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(attention to his own dream body: this, he now sees, is just as illusory \
as any other element of his lucid )Tj
T*
(dream. The fact that the fully lucid dreamer knows he is not his dream b\
ody plays a crucial role in self-)Tj
T*
(transformation, as we shall see below. )Tj
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(The fourth and final stage of dream yoga is enigmatically termed "medita\
ting upon the thatness of the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dream-state." The text tells us that by means of this meditation, "the d\
ream propensities whence arise )Tj
T*
(whatever is seen in dreams as appearances of deities, are purified." It \
is, ironically, by means of these )Tj
T*
("appearances" that the ultimate goal is reached. The yogi is, of course,\
aware that these "deities" are his )Tj
T*
(own mental images. Bearing this in mind, he is instructed to concentrate\
in the lucid dream state, )Tj
T*
(focusing on the forms of these deities, and to keep his mind free of tho\
ughts. In the undisturbed quiet of )Tj
T*
(this mental state, the divine forms are said to be "attuned to the non-t\
hought condition of mind; and )Tj
T*
(thereby dawneth the Clear Light, of which the essence is of the voidness\
." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Thus, one realizes that the appearance of form "is entirely subject to o\
ne's will when the mental powers )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(have been efficiently developed" through the practice of the yoga of luc\
id dreaming. Having learned "... )Tj
T*
(that the character of any dream can be changed or transformed by willing\
that it shall be," the lucid )Tj
T*
(dreamer takes "a step further ... he learns that form, in the dream stat\
e, and all the multitudinous content )Tj
T*
(of dreams, are merely playthings of mind, and, therefore, as unstable as\
a mirage." A process of )Tj
T*
(generalization "leads him to the knowledge that the essential nature of \
form and of all things perceived )Tj
T*
(by the senses in the waking state are equally as unreal as their reflexe\
s in the dream state," since both )Tj
T*
(waking and dreaming are states of mind. A final step brings the yogi to \
"the Great Realization" that )Tj
T*
(nothing within the experience of his mind "can be other than unreal like\
dreams." In this light, "the )Tj
T*
(Universal Creation ... and every phenomenal thing therein" are seen to b\
e "but the content of the )Tj
T*
(Supreme Dream." And for the one upon whom "this Divine Wisdom" has dawne\
d, "the microcosmic )Tj
T*
(aspect of the Macrocosm becomes fully awakened; the dew-drop slips back \
into the Shining Sea, in )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
T*
(Nirvanic )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Blissfulness and At-one-ment, possessed of All Possessions, Knower of th\
e All-Knowledge, )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(Creator of All Creations\227the One Mind, Reality Itself.")Tj
ET
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(14)Tj
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( )Tj
-23.31429 -2.55714 Td
(Having described the realization reached by the successful seeker, let u\
s consider some of the possible )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(pitfalls on the path of inner growth through lucid dreaming. Primary amo\
ng them is the tendency for the )Tj
T*
(less than fully lucid dream ego to misunderstand and misuse the new acce\
ss to power and control over )Tj
T*
(dreams that lucidity brings. The semi-lucid dream ego is inclined to use\
"magical powers" to seek its )Tj
T*
(own ends, which may be at odds with the person's real goals. Moreover, t\
he semi-lucid dream ego's )Tj
T*
(sense of greatly expanded power leads to a grandiose expansion of self-e\
steem, the condition Jung )Tj
T*
(referred to as "inflation." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Although the inflated dream ego, like a power-intoxicated Roman emperor,\
bestows divinity upon itself, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(it proves to be filled with nothing but hot air. The hottest of the airs\
it puts on is the delusion that it )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(is )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(the )Tj
T*
(self. The truth is that the dream ego is only a self-representation that\
tends to forget its nature. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The ego's tendency \(whether awake or dreaming\) to mistake itself for t\
he true self is natural. The ego is )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(a model of the self, designed to serve adaptive action; it is based upon\
disparate sources of information, )Tj
T*
(ranging from how the self has actually behaved in the past to parental a\
nd social notions of how the self )Tj
T*
(should behave in the future. From this collection of expectations, predi\
ctions of the self's future behavior )Tj
T*
(can be made. )Tj
ET
EMC
/Artifact <>BDC
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9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
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(Since pretending to have a socially desirable feature is more frequently\
rewarded than truthfully )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(admitting )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(not )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(to have it, much of our mental map of the self becomes pretense. The pat\
tern of social )Tj
T*
(pretense, of playing a role intended to deceive others, is later applied\
to oneself after society's standards )Tj
T*
(have become internalized. If we are to pretend successfully to ourselves\
, we must also pretend that we )Tj
T*
(are not pretending. Thus the person behind the mask forgets he has anoth\
er face. The actor becomes his )Tj
T*
(role, mistaking the part he plays for the whole he is; appearance usurps\
reality; the original plan is )Tj
T*
(forgotten; and clothes mock the man. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(All this has been said regarding the undeveloped or semi-lucid dream ego\
. Lucid dreams are experienced )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(and interpreted, by such an ego, as )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
("my )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(dream." But the dream ego is not the dreamer; rather than )Tj
T*
(dreaming, it is being dreamed. The unenlightened but semi-lucid dream eg\
o falsely believes itself to be )Tj
T*
(the only reality, of which all other dream figures are the mere projecti\
ons. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The case of Ram Narayana vividly illustrates how far delusions of grande\
ur can be taken by the semi-)Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lucid dreamer. Narayana, an Indian physician and editor, had been perple\
xed by the problem of how to )Tj
T*
(convince "the creatures of his dream, during the dream state, that it re\
ally is a dream." He finally gave up )Tj
T*
(trying, having decided that even if he succeeded, convincing them could \
serve no useful purpose. )Tj
T*
(Therefore, Narayana resolved to enjoy himself instead and to pass his ti\
me while dreaming "as )Tj
T*
(comfortably as possible." Consequently, next time he went to sleep, he a\
ddressed "the assembly of his )Tj
T*
(dream characters" as follows: "Friends, why don't you try to attain the \
state of ecstatic and immortal )Tj
T*
(bliss, entirely free from pain of every description? This state of bliss\
can be obtained only by entering )Tj
T*
(into the celestial region, the abode of the Supreme Creator. To this reg\
ion I go daily and enjoy its )Tj
T*
(pleasures for twelve hours out of every twenty-four. I am the only incar\
nation and representative of the )Tj
T*
(Supreme One." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Narayana indicated that "the majority of dream creatures believed in the\
above speech." A minority were )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(skeptical of his claim of being the "only manifestation of the Supreme D\
eity." What about Krishna, )Tj
T*
(Christ, Buddha, or Mohammed? demanded the doubters. They received the re\
ply that "all those great )Tj
T*
(men had come from lower regions and were only theoretical in their teach\
ings and nobody ever attained )Tj
T*
(salvation through them, that the dreamer alone came from the highest spi\
ritual plane, and that he would )Tj
T*
(teach them the only sure and practical method of reaching that region." \
)Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Having been made the usual promises, they were charged the usual price, \
being then told the chief )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(condition of initiation was "to have implicit faith in their preceptor, \
the dreamer." Narayana went on to )Tj
T*
(explain, in terms well known by the leaders of cults everywhere, that "t\
he most effective means to )Tj
T*
(hypnotize them all in a body was then employed, which consisted of looki\
ng intently into the eyes of the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
T*
(guru, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(the dreamer, while sacred hymns and songs of love and devotion were bein\
g recited in a chorus. )Tj
T*
(They were further impressed with the idea that ultimately every one of t\
hem would reach the highest )Tj
T*
(region, after one, two or more re-births, but one having complete faith \
in the dreamer would reach there )Tj
T*
(the soonest." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Narayana claimed that "the method proved so satisfactory that the dreame\
r was actually worshipped by )Tj
ET
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(every one of the dream creatures and was pronounced to be the only true \
spiritual guide. He now )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(considered himself in no way less fortunate than so many leaders of the \
various faiths, in the waking )Tj
T*
(world, who enjoy the pleasure of being devotedly worshipped by their dis\
ciples." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This comical parody of spiritual cults would have its tragic aspect as w\
ell, were it not for the fact that )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Narayana was eventually able to progress beyond this state of inflation.\
He dreamed that he fell in )Tj
T*
(among a group of yogis who managed to enlighten him in the following dre\
am: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(... another elderly figure from amongst the dream creatures rose from hi\
s seat and )Tj
T*
(overawed the assembly with his long grey beard and his )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(yogi's )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(staff. He began his oration )Tj
T*
(in a curious and amusing manner, though with an authoritative tone, his \
voice quivering )Tj
T*
(with anger and his gaunt index finger pointing towards the dreamer: "Wha\
t reason have )Tj
T*
(you to call us your dream creatures and yourself the creator of us all? \
If you are our )Tj
T*
(creator we say equally emphatically that so are we the creator of yourse\
lf. We are all in )Tj
T*
(the same boat, and you can claim no sort of higher existence than ours. \
If, however, you )Tj
T*
(want to be convinced of my statement, I can show you the Creator of us a\
ll, i.e., of )Tj
T*
(yourself as well as ours." With these words, he struck the dreamer on th\
e head with his )Tj
T*
(heavy staff, who, in consequence, woke up and found himself lying in his\
bed with his )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(mind extremely puzzled.)Tj
ET
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( )Tj
-13.48643 -2.55714 Td
(The yogi's point is that the dream ego \(mistaken for "the dreamer" by N\
arayana\) is just another dream )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(figure. The actual creator of the dream is not a part of the dream at al\
l\227being, in fact, the sleeping self. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This is an insight fully lucid dreamers realize through direct experienc\
e. They know that the persons )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(they appear to be in the dream are not who they really are. No longer id\
entifying with their egos, they )Tj
T*
(are free to change them, correcting their delusions. As an immediate con\
sequence of this, the self-)Tj
T*
(representation of the ego becomes a more accurate map of the true territ\
ory of the self. The ego now )Tj
T*
(encompasses the fact that "the map is not the territory," which makes it\
more difficult to mistake one's )Tj
T*
(self-image for one's true self. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The fully lucid dreamer does not need to struggle to overcome his or her\
ego. He or she has become )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(objective enough to no longer identify with it. In consequence, the ego \
now stands in proper relation to )Tj
T*
(the self as its representative and servant. The lucid dreamer's ego now \
realizes its limitations: it knows it )Tj
T*
(is only the limited part of the self that the person believes him or her\
self to be. Or perhaps even less\227)Tj
T*
(only what we can )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(explicitly )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(spell out about ourselves. This knowledge puts the ego's importance in )Tj
T*
(modest proportion to the true, and perhaps as yet undiscovered, Self. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The fully lucid dreams we have been discussing are instances of transcen\
dental experiences, experiences )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(in which you go beyond your current level of consciousness. Lucid dreame\
rs \(at least during the dream\) )Tj
T*
(have gone beyond their former views of themselves and have entered a hig\
her state of consciousness. )Tj
T*
(They have left behind their former way of being in dreams, no longer ide\
ntifying with the dream )Tj
T*
(characters they play or thinking that the dream world is reality. In thi\
s way, fully lucid dreams are )Tj
ET
EMC
/Artifact <>BDC
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(file:///C|/share/share_topics/LD/\(ebook-HTML\) Stephen LaBerge - Lucid \
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(transcendental experiences. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Transcendental experiences are advantageous, in my view, in that they he\
lp us detach from fixed ideas )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(about ourselves. The less we identify with who we think we are \(the ego\
\), the more likely it is that we )Tj
T*
(may one day discover who we really are. In this regard, the Sufi master \
Tariqavi has written, )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(The study of the Way requires self-encounter along the way. You have not\
met yourself )Tj
T*
(yet. The only advantage of meeting others in the meantime is that one of\
them may )Tj
T*
(present you to yourself. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Before you do that, you will possibly imagine that you have met yourself\
many times. But )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(the truth is that when you do meet yourself, you come into a permanent e\
ndowment and )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(bequest of knowledge that is like no other experience on earth.)Tj
ET
0 0 1 RG
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0 0 0 rg
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( )Tj
-28.64943 -2.55714 Td
(Before they meet themselves, lucid dreamers are at first inclined to see\
k the dream fulfillment of what )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(they believe they have always wanted. This is natural enough. Yet after \
too many "wish-fulfilling" )Tj
T*
(dreams, where the action is motivated by the ego-associated drives, pass\
ions, desires, expectations, and )Tj
T*
(goals with which we are so familiar, a point of satiation may be reached\
. Lucid dreamers may then tire )Tj
T*
(of seeking their habitual satisfactions, which may have become less sati\
sfying due to effortless )Tj
T*
(gratification. They grow weary of dreaming the same dreams, and equally \
of being the same self, night )Tj
T*
(after night. It is at this point that the need for self-transcendence ma\
y arise. Such lucid dreamers no )Tj
T*
(longer know what they want, only that it is not what they used to want. \
So they give up deciding what to )Tj
T*
(do, and resign from deliberate dream control. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Having recognized the limitations of goals determined by the ego, the lu\
cid dreamer has surrendered )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(control to something beyond what he or she knows him or herself to be. T\
he form taken by this )Tj
T*
("something beyond" will vary in accordance with the individual's way of \
thinking. For those )Tj
T*
(comfortable with traditional religions, the surrender might naturally be\
phrased in such terms as )Tj
T*
("submission to the will of God." On the other hand, those who find thems\
elves uncomfortable with )Tj
T*
(theistic terminology will probably prefer to express themselves differen\
tly. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(If you follow the reasoning argued above for the self-representational n\
ature of the ego, a very natural )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(way to frame this surrender is available: giving control to your true se\
lf. Whatever you assume about the )Tj
T*
(nature of your true self, surrendering control from who you )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(think )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(you are, to who you truly are, is likely )Tj
T*
(to be an improvement. Including, as it does, everything that you know, y\
our true or total self ought to be )Tj
T*
(capable of making wiser decisions than your ego. Moreover, it knows what\
your ego may not\227your )Tj
T*
(highest goals. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Another formulation is surrender to "The Highest," whatever this may ult\
imately prove to mean. Such )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(questions as whether this is a part of yourself or something beyond your\
self need not be resolved at this )Tj
T*
(point. It is with this term that I personally find myself most comfortab\
le. Besides, it is, by definition, )Tj
T*
(with "The Highest" that the ultimate decisions rightfully rest. )Tj
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(Though lucid dreamers give up control of the course of their dreams, the\
y still require lucidity. But now )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(they need it to respond creatively to whatever the dream presents and to\
follow intuitively the intentions )Tj
T*
(of the higher will. The following lucid dream illustrates the process of\
self-transcendence we have been )Tj
T*
(discussing. Although it is one of my own lucid dreams in the sense that \
)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(I )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(awoke from it, it felt more like )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
T*
(it )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(had me: )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Late one summer morning several years ago, I was lying quietly in bed, r\
eviewing the dream I had just )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(awakened from. A vivid image of a road appeared, and by focusing my atte\
ntion on it, I was able to )Tj
T*
(enter the scene. At this point, I was no longer able to feel my body, fr\
om which I concluded I was, in )Tj
T*
(fact, asleep. I found myself driving in my sportscar down the dream road\
, perfectly aware that I was )Tj
T*
(dreaming. I was delighted by the vibrantly beautiful scenery my lucid dr\
eam was presenting. After )Tj
T*
(driving a short distance farther, I was confronted with a very attractiv\
e, I might say a )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(dream )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(of a )Tj
T*
(hitchhiker beside me on the road just ahead. I need hardly say that I fe\
lt strongly inclined to stop and )Tj
T*
(pick her up. But I said to myself, "I've had )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(that )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(dream before. How about something new?" So I passed )Tj
T*
(her by, resolving to seek "The Highest" instead. As soon as I opened mys\
elf to guidance, my car took off )Tj
T*
(into the air, flying rapidly upward, until it fell behind me like the fi\
rst stage of a rocket. I continued to )Tj
T*
(fly higher into the clouds, where I passed a cross on a steeple, a star \
of David, and other religious )Tj
T*
(symbols. As I rose still higher, beyond the clouds, I entered a space th\
at seemed a vast mystical realm: a )Tj
T*
(vast emptiness that was yet full of love; an unbounded space that someho\
w felt like home. My mood had )Tj
T*
(lifted to corresponding heights, and I began to sing with ecstatic inspi\
ration. The quality of my voice )Tj
T*
(was truly amazing\227it spanned the entire range from deepest bass to hi\
ghest soprano\227and I felt as if I )Tj
T*
(were embracing the entire cosmos in the resonance of my voice. As I impr\
ovised a melody that seemed )Tj
T*
(more sublime than any I had heard before, the meaning of my song reveale\
d itself and I sang the words, )Tj
T*
("I praise Thee, O Lord!" )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Upon awakening from this remarkable lucid dream, I reflected that it had\
been one of the most satisfying )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(experiences of my life. It )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(felt )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(as if it were of profound significance. However, I was unable to say in \
)Tj
T*
(exactly what way it was profound, nor was I able to evaluate its signifi\
cance. When I tried to understand )Tj
T*
(the words that had somehow contained the full significance of the experi\
ence\227"I praise Thee, O )Tj
T*
(Lord!"\227I realized that, in contrast to my understanding while in the \
dream, I only now understood the )Tj
T*
(phrase in the sense it would have in our realm. It seemed the esoteric s\
ense that I comprehended while I )Tj
T*
(dreamed was beyond my cloudy understanding while awake. About what the p\
raise did not mean, I can )Tj
T*
(say this: in that transcendent state of unity, there was no "I" and "The\
e." It was a place that had no room )Tj
T*
(for "I" and "Thee," but for one only. So which of us, then, was there? M\
y personal "I," my dream-ego )Tj
T*
(sense of individuality, was absent. Thus, what was present was "Thee." B\
ut in that realm, "I" )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(was )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
T*
("Thee." So I might just as well have sung "I praise Me ..." except that \
there was really no "me" either! In )Tj
T*
(any case, it should be clear why I have called this lucid dream a transp\
ersonal experience. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(This brings us back to the question of whether it is possible to have th\
e equivalent of a near-death )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(experience without nearly dying. That the answer is "yes" should now be \
evident. I say this because the )Tj
T*
(experience provided by transpersonal dreams \(whether lucid or not\) is \
symbolically synonymous with )Tj
T*
(the process of dying to our old ways and being reborn to new lives. Whet\
her this new attitude carries )Tj
ET
EMC
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(file:///C|/share/share_topics/LD/\(ebook-HTML\) Stephen LaBerge - Lucid \
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(Lucid Dreaming)Tj
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(over into waking life is another matter, but from the point of view of d\
reaming, death and transcendence )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(are the same thing. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Let us bring this chapter full circle by giving a reply to the question,\
"What will we be after death?" As )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(far as we are individuals, death appears to be the end of us. Were we to\
leave it at that, this would be )Tj
T*
(nothing more than the "modern" view of death as annihilation. Yet the pr\
eceding pages suggest that our )Tj
T*
(individuality is not our truest being, but only a representation of it. \
What you take to be your )Tj
T*
(individuality is a mental image of yourself. "Who you think you are" is \
only a thought, a transient )Tj
T*
(process occurring in time and space, and doomed to pass like everything \
else that exists in time. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(However, according to the point of view we have been considering, your e\
ssential being transcends )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(space and time: your transpersonal identity transcends your personal ide\
ntity. This, your transpersonal )Tj
T*
(individuality, may in the end prove identical with the nature of ultimat\
e reality\227"the Shining Sea" )Tj
T*
(referred to above: "Possessed of all possessions, Knower of the All-Know\
ledge, Creator of All Creations)Tj
T*
(\227the One Mind, Reality Itself." At death, "the dewdrop slips back int\
o the Shining Sea." Thus it may be )Tj
T*
(that when death comes, although you are annihilated as an individual and\
the dewdrop is lost in the sea, )Tj
T*
(you at the same time return to the realization of what you have always e\
ssentially been: the drop )Tj
T*
(recognizes itself to be not merely the drop it thought it was, but the )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Sea. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(So to the question "What will )Tj
T*
(we be after death?", the answer may be given, "Everything and nothing." \
)Tj
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(Epilogue: Alive in Your Life)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
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(At the beginning of this book I made the assertion that in our usual dre\
am state, we are neither really )Tj
T*
(awake nor fully alive. From this point of departure, I argued that until\
we become aware while dreaming )Tj
T*
(that we )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(are )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(dreaming, we remain asleep within our sleep, and thus the third of our l\
ife that lies in the )Tj
T*
(domain of sleep and dreams is all but lost to us. But fortunately, as ev\
ery reader must know by now, this )Tj
T*
(is not an unalterable condition, because we can develop the capacity to \
be awake in our dreams. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(It is likely that what has already been said regarding the sleeping thir\
d of your life may apply, in equal )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(measure, to the other two-thirds\227the state you call "awake." Let us b\
egin with some of the applications )Tj
T*
(and implications the experience of lucid dreaming suggests for everyday \
life. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(To what extent are the concepts of lucid dreaming relevant to waking lif\
e? The answer is that the )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(attitudes characterizing lucid dreaming have certain parallels with an a\
pproach to life that might be )Tj
T*
(called "lucid living." To gain a clearer concept of what this intriguing\
term entails, we can proceed by )Tj
T*
(analogy, examining some of the contrasting attitudes and assumptions ass\
ociated with lucid versus non-)Tj
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(lucid dreaming.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(The most basic way in which the attitudes of lucid and non-lucid dreamer\
s differ is derived from the )Tj
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(very definition of lucidity. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(During non-lucid dreaming, you tacitly assume that you are awake; during\
lucid dreaming, you know )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(you are asleep and dreaming. I believe the corresponding pair of attitud\
es in the waking state to be as )Tj
T*
(follows. On one hand, you might be making the non-lucid assumption that \
you are objectively )Tj
T*
(experiencing reality. According to this point of view, perception seems \
a straightforward matter of )Tj
T*
(looking through the windows of your eyes and simply seeing what is out t\
here. Unfortunately, this )Tj
T*
(traditional, "commonsense" view seems clearly inconsistent with the find\
ings of modern psychology and )Tj
T*
(neurophysiology. What you see is not "what is out there"; in fact, it is\
n't even "out there." What you see )Tj
T*
(is only a mental model inside your head of what you perceive or believe \
is "out there." The lucid )Tj
T*
(understanding of the nature of perception is derived from current knowle\
dge about how the brain works. )Tj
T*
(If you would like to follow this approach, I recommend the working hypot\
hesis that your experiences )Tj
T*
(are necessarily )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(subjective: )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(they are the results of your own construction based upon your current )Tj
T*
(motivational state as well as what you see and believe of reality. In te\
rms of visual perception, this point )Tj
T*
(of view accounts for the optical illusions that can occur as a result of\
our expectations about the world, )Tj
T*
(as well as how emotions can distort perception\227causing, for instance,\
the camper to see "every bush as )Tj
T*
(if a bear," and the lover to see "the beloved in every tree." To summari\
ze, the more correct analysis of )Tj
T*
(perception is that we do not experience reality directly, but rather thr\
ough our models of the world. )Tj
T*
(Thus, before we can see what is "out there," the visual information from\
our eyes must pass through a )Tj
T*
(host of subjective factors such as expectations, feelings, concepts, val\
ues, attitudes, and goals. It is )Tj
T*
(unavoidable that our models of the world limit what we experience of rea\
lity; the more distorted our )Tj
T*
(maps, the more distorted the territory will seem. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(A related pair of attitudes would be the tendency, while non-lucid, to a\
ssume passively that the events of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(a dream are "just happening to you," versus your realization, while luci\
d, that )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(you )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(are actively creating, )Tj
T*
(or at least significantly contributing to, what happens in your dream. T\
he corresponding waking state )Tj
T*
(attitudes are exactly parallel. What was just said of your dream state a\
pplies equally to your waking )Tj
T*
(state, if you substitute "experience" for "dream." )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(As a consequence of this passive attitude while non-lucid, you might hol\
d the belief that the rules of )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(your dream game are entirely determined by an external reality principle\
. As a non-lucid dreamer, you )Tj
T*
(would thus remain earthbound due to your belief that gravity is a univer\
sal law of physics\227even in your )Tj
T*
(own dream. But if you are lucid enough to know that dream gravity is a m\
ere convention, you are free to )Tj
T*
(take it or leave it, flying at will. Lucid dreamers regard other "laws" \
of the dream world in a similar )Tj
T*
(fashion\227as self-made rules that could well be changed if there were a\
reason to do so. Here, the )Tj
T*
(corresponding attitudes in the waking state do not translate as directly\
as those we have so far )Tj
T*
(considered. In this case, I believe the non-lucid attitude is that the s\
ituation you are experiencing is )Tj
T*
(defined and determined by external factors generally beyond your power t\
o alter to any significant )Tj
T*
(extent; if you hold this view, other people and the accidents of fate de\
termine what happens to you. In )Tj
T*
(contrast, the lucid attitude is that )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(you )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(define how you experience the situations of your life. So whether )Tj
T*
(you view a given dream as a nightmare or an opportunity for self-integra\
tion is up to you, just as )Tj
T*
(whether you view a given situation in your waking life as a trial or a c\
hallenge. )Tj
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(A final pair of contrasting attitudes is the mindfulness that distinguis\
hes lucidity from its contrary. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Mindless habit is not necessarily an undesirable condition, although hab\
itual mindlessness undoubtedly )Tj
T*
(is. The main advantage that conscious behavior offers over habitual beha\
vior is increased flexibility. )Tj
T*
(However, if the situation is one of relatively constant circumstances th\
at demand unchanging responses, )Tj
T*
(habit is a more economical approach. Mindless responses are fine, as lon\
g as they fit the situation. )Tj
T*
(However, if the situation is one of relative unpredictability or novelty\
, being mindful\227knowing what )Tj
T*
(you are doing\227will more likely be advantageous. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Life presents us all with a mixture of the expected and the unexpected; \
whichever you get, it is )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(obviously important for you to be able to respond with your most adaptiv\
e form of behavior. Since )Tj
T*
(mindlessness and habit are easy, while mindfulness and consciousness req\
uire effort, you are far more )Tj
T*
(likely to fall short in the areas demanding consciousness than you are l\
ikely to be )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(too )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(mindful when you )Tj
T*
(should be automatic, although this also can happen. It is therefore like\
ly that you would benefit from an )Tj
T*
(improvement in your capacity to be conscious. Because mindfulness or luc\
idity seems harder to attain in )Tj
T*
(the dream than in the waking state, practice in lucid dreaming should be\
especially effective in )Tj
T*
(improving your waking capacity for mindfulness. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Idries Shah, the foremost contemporary exponent of Sufism, was once aske\
d to name "a fundamental )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(mistake" that most people make. He replied: "To think that [we are] aliv\
e, when [we have] merely fallen )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(asleep in life's waiting room.")Tj
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(It is a traditional doctrine of esoteric psychologies that the ordinary \
state or consciousness we call )Tj
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("waking" is so far from seeing things as they are in "objective reality"\
that it could be more accurately )Tj
T*
(called "sleep" or "dreaming." Bertrand Russell comes to much the same co\
nclusion by a very different )Tj
T*
(path: "If modern physics is to be believed," the philosopher writes, "th\
e dreams we call waking )Tj
T*
(perceptions have only a very little more resemblance to objective realit\
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(sleep.")Tj
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(Philosophers aside, if you were asked, "Are you awake )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(now?")Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
( you would probably reply, "Certainly!" )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Unfortunately, feeling certain that we are awake provides no guarantee t\
hat we )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(are )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(awake. When )Tj
T*
(Samuel Johnson kicked a stone as if to say, "We )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(know )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(what's real," he was expressing this sense of )Tj
T*
(certainty. Yet Dr. Johnson could have )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(dreamed )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(he kicked a stone and felt the same. The illusory sense of )Tj
T*
(certainty about the completeness and coherence of our lives leads us to \
what William James described as )Tj
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(a "premature closing of our accounts with reality.")Tj
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( )Tj
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(How do you know that you are awake right now? You may say you remember w\
aking up from your last )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(night's sleep. But that may merely have been a "false awakening," and yo\
u may fool yourself now by )Tj
T*
(dreaming that you are not dreaming anymore. Perhaps what we take to be "\
true awakenings" are really )Tj
T*
(just another degree of partial or false awakenings. A novelist has simil\
arly argued: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(Why, my friend, should these successive degrees not exist? I have often \
dreamt that I was )Tj
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(awakening from a dream, and in a dream I have reflected on the preceding\
dream: on )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(waking, I was then able to reflect on my two dreams. Owing to its greate\
r clearness, the )Tj
T*
(second one was a sort of waking in relation of the first. And as for thi\
s real waking, who is )Tj
T*
(to say that it will not appear to me as a dream one day in its turn in r\
elation to an even )Tj
T*
(clearer view of the sequence of things? ... So many things here below re\
main confused )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(and obscure to us; it is impossible that the true waking state lies here\
.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(Once more, let us try to really ask ourselves, "Are we awake?" You will \
note how difficult it is to )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(genuinely raise the question. To ask sincerely whether we are really awa\
ke requires honest doubt\227)Tj
T*
(however slight. And this is no easy matter for most of us. But doubting \
the indubitable is the business of )Tj
T*
(philosophers. As Nietzsche put it, "... the man of philosophic turn has \
foreboding that underneath this )Tj
T*
(reality in which we live and have our being, another and altogether diff\
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( Indeed, Schopenhauer considered his own propensity at times to )Tj
-15.89914 -1.2 Td
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he very criterion of )Tj
T*
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(How might we not be fully awake? It may be that we possess a higher sens\
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0 -1.2 TD
(intuition\) that ordinarily remains asleep when our lesser, though bette\
r known, senses awake. Thus, as )Tj
T*
(was suggested above, the experience we call "awakening" and consider com\
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T*
(partial awakening. As Orage has written, )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(It may be feared that there is something morbid in the foregoing specula\
tions; and that an )Tj
T*
(effort to see our waking life as merely a special form of sleep must dim\
inish its )Tj
T*
(importance for us and ours for it. But this attitude towards a possible \
and probable fact is )Tj
T*
(itself morbidly timid. The truth is that just as in night-dreams the fir\
st symptom of waking )Tj
T*
(is to suspect that one is dreaming, the first symptom of waking from the\
waking state\227the )Tj
T*
(second awaking of religion\227is the suspicion that our present waking s\
tate is dreaming )Tj
T*
(likewise. To be aware that we are only partially awake is the first cond\
ition of becoming )Tj
0 -1.6963 TD
(and making ourselves more fully awake.)Tj
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( )Tj
-19.43329 -2.55714 Td
(Given the virtual impotence of mere philosophical reasoning to raise the\
genuine suspicion that we are )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(only partially awake, it is fortunate that there is another, more effect\
ive, means of approaching the )Tj
T*
(question. This other approach, as will by now come as no surprise, is lu\
cid dreaming. Lucid dreams can )Tj
T*
(plainly show us what it is like to think we are awake and then to discov\
er we are not. J. H. M. )Tj
T*
(Whiteman's book, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Mystical Life, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(provides an example of the most extreme form this discovery can )Tj
T*
(take. Professor Whiteman explained that he thought his nocturnal mystica\
l experience was stimulated by )Tj
T*
(the meditative state in which he listened to the performance of a celebr\
ated string quartet on the previous )Tj
T*
(evening. The concert so moved him that for a few moments, he seemed to b\
e "rapt out of space by the )Tj
T*
(extreme beauty of the music," and for a little while was caught up in "a\
new state of contemplation and )Tj
T*
(joy." Afterward, White-man remembered going to bed "peacefully composed \
and full of a quiet joy." )Tj
T*
(With day residue like this, we may well imagine he was about to have an \
interesting night! His first )Tj
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(2. )Tj
(Shah, I., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Seekers After Truth )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(London: Octagon Press, 1982\), p. 33. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(3. )Tj
(LaBerge, S., "Lucid dreaming: Directing the action as it happens," )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Psychology Today )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(15 \(1981\): )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(48-57. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(4. )Tj
(James, W., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Varieties of Religious Experience )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New York: Modern Library, 1929\), p. 378-79. )Tj
T*
(5. )Tj
(Moritz, K. P., quoted in deBecker, R. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Understanding of Dreams )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(London: Allen & Unwin, )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(1965\), p. 406. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(6. )Tj
(Nietzsche, F., Quoted in deBecker, p. 138. )Tj
T*
(7. )Tj
(Ibid. )Tj
T*
(8. )Tj
(Orage, A. R., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Psychological Exercises )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New York: Samuel Weiser, 1930\), p. 92. )Tj
T*
(9. )Tj
(Whiteman, J. H. M., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Mystical Life )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(London: Faber & Faber, 1961\), p. 57. )Tj
-0.5 -1.2 Td
(10. )Tj
(Shah, I., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Thinkers of the East )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(London: Octagon Press, 1971\), p. 123. )Tj
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(About the Author )Tj
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(Psychophysiologist Stephen LaBerge, Ph.D., is a world-renowned pioneer i\
n dream research and is )Tj
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(currently engaged in lucid dreaming research at Stanford University. )Tj
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(Version 1.0 )Tj
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(Created 12/26/2000 )Tj
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(Last updated 12/26/2000 )Tj
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(If you make corrections, please increment the version number by 0.1 and \
repost. )Tj
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(dream of the night appeared, at the beginning, to be rather irrational. \
"I seemed," he wrote, "to move )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(smoothly through a region of space where, presently, a vivid sense of co\
ld flowed in on me and held my )Tj
T*
(attention with a strange interest. I believe that at that moment the dre\
am had become lucid. Then )Tj
T*
(suddenly, ... all that up to now had been wrapped in confusion instantly\
passed away, and a new space )Tj
T*
(burst forth in vivid presence and utter reality, with perception free an\
d pin-pointed as never before; the )Tj
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(darkness itself seemed alive. The thought that was then borne in upon me\
with inescapable conviction )Tj
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(was this: 'I have never been awake before.' ")Tj
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( It is unusual for lucid dreamers to be driven as far as )Tj
-18.09114 -1.2 Td
(Whiteman's conviction of never having been awake before. But it is not a\
t all unusual for lucid dreamers )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(to experience similar feelings in reference to their previous dream live\
s. In fact, this is how the first )Tj
T*
(experience of extended lucidity strikes most people; they are astonished\
to realize that they have never )Tj
T*
(before been awake in their dreams. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(Lucid dreaming can be a point of departure from which to understand how \
we might not be fully awake)Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(\227for as ordinary dreaming is to lucid dreaming, so the ordinary wakin\
g state might be to the fully )Tj
T*
(awakened state. This capacity of lucid dreams, to prepare us for a fulle\
r awakening, may prove to be )Tj
T*
(lucid dreaming's most significant potential for helping us become more a\
live in our lives. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(At the beginning of this book, I spoke of a treasure of incalculable val\
ue: a precious jewel. If you find it, )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
("you come into a permanent endowment and bequest of knowledge ...": you \
discover the secret of who )Tj
T*
(you really are. Lucid dreaming may have something to contribute to your \
finding yourself, as does this )Tj
T*
(ancient traditional tale, which is said to contain all wisdom in its var\
ious levels of interpretation: )Tj
2.85715 -2.55714 Td
(THE PRECIOUS JEWEL )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(In a remote realm of perfection, there was a just monarch who had a wife\
and a wonderful )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(son and daughter. They all lived together in happiness. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(One day the father called his children before him and said: )Tj
T*
('The time has come, as it does for all. You are to go down, an infinite \
distance, to another )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(land. You shall seek and find and bring back a precious Jewel.' )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(The travellers were conducted in disguise to a strange land, whose inhab\
itants almost all )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(lived a dark existence. Such was the effect of this place that the two l\
ost touch with each )Tj
T*
(other, wandering as if asleep. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(From time to time they saw phantoms, similitudes of their country and of\
the Jewel, but )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(such was their condition that these things only increased the depth of t\
heir reveries, which )Tj
T*
(they now began to take as reality. )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(When news of his children's plight reached the king, he sent word by a t\
rusted servant, a )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(wise man: )Tj
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('Remember your mission, awaken from your dream, and remain together.' )Tj
0 -2.55714 TD
(With this message they roused themselves, and with the help of their res\
cuing guide they )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(dared the monstrous perils which surrounded the Jewel, and by its magic \
aid returned to )Tj
0 -1.69632 TD
(their realm of light, to remain in increased happiness for evermore.)Tj
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( )Tj
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(The Future of Lucid Dreaming )Tj
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14 0 0 14 10 582.09406 Tm
(The art and science of lucid dreaming, as readers of this book will be a\
ware, is still in its infancy. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(Although we have learned enough about this extraordinary state of consci\
ousness to be intrigued by its )Tj
T*
(exciting potential, there is much more yet to be discovered. Much of thi\
s exploration can be carried out )Tj
T*
(by adventurous individuals, developing and testing techniques for travel\
ing in and using this new world )Tj
T*
(of lucid dreaming. Other work requires modern technology, though there a\
re as yet only a few )Tj
T*
(laboratories engaged in this endeavor. One of these is the Stanford Univ\
ersity Sleep Research Center, )Tj
T*
(where we currently have a three part research program in progress with t\
he following major goals: )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
7 0 0 7 35.713 445.49405 Tm
(l)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
( )Tj
14 0 0 14 50 445.49405 Tm
(To further investigate the phenomenology and physiology of lucid dreamin\
g. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
7 0 0 7 35.713 428.69403 Tm
(l)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
( )Tj
14 0 0 14 50 428.69403 Tm
(To develop improved techniques for inducing, stabilizing, and utilizing \
lucid dreams. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
7 0 0 7 35.713 411.89404 Tm
(l)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
( )Tj
14 0 0 14 50 411.89404 Tm
(To continue to map the psychophysiological relationships within REM conn\
ecting subjectively )Tj
T*
(experienced dream events and objectively measured physiological processe\
s. )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 257.08615 357.16422 Tm
(An Invitation )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 10 320.90942 Tm
(We are seeking financial support for our research and would welcome your\
fund-raising ideas and )Tj
T*
(inquiries. If you would like to become involved in the exploration of lu\
cid dreaming, there are several )Tj
T*
(ways you can participate. If you contact us at the address below, we wil\
l be able to inform you about the )Tj
T*
(various activities in which you may participate, such as correspondence \
courses, lectures, weekend )Tj
T*
(workshops, and research projects. We look forward to hearing from you. P\
lease write to: )Tj
17.90686 -2.55714 Td
(Lucidity Project)Tj
0.2635 -1.2 Td
(P.O. Box 2364)Tj
-1.069 -1.2 Td
(Stanford, CA 94305 )Tj
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(Notes)Tj
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 268.74924 88.11807 Tm
(Chapter 1 )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 32.5 51.86328 Tm
(1. Sparrow, G. S., )Tj
/T1_3 1 Tf
(Lucid Dreaming: The Dawning of the Clear Light )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(Virginia Beach: A.R.E. Press, )Tj
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(file:///C|/share/share_topics/LD/\(ebook-HTML\) Stephen LaBerge - Lucid \
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(1976\), pp. 26-27. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(2. Tulku, T., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Openness Mind )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(Berkeley: Dharma Publishing, 1978\), p. 74. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(3. Shah, I., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Wisdom of the Idiots )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New York: Dutton, 1971\), pp. 122-23. )Tj
T*
(4. Tulku, op. cit., p. 77. )Tj
T*
(5. Fabricius, J., "The symbol of the self in the alchemical 'proiectio,\
'" )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Journal of Analytical )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(Psychology, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(18 \(1973\): 41-58. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 268.74924 632.04572 Tm
(Chapter 2 )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 32.5 595.79095 Tm
(1. Aristotle, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(On Dreams, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(from Hutchings, R. M., ed., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Great Books of the Western World, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(vol. 8 )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(\(Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952\), pp. 702-06. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(2. Kelsey, M. T., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(God, Dreams and Revelation )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New York: Augsburg, 1974\), p. 264-265. )Tj
T*
(3. Evans-Wentz, W. Y., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Tibetan Yoga and Secret Doctrines )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(London: Oxford University Press, )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(1935\), pp. 221-22. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(4. deBecker, R., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Understanding of Dreams )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(London: Allen & Unwin, 1965\), p. 153. )Tj
T*
(5. Shah, I., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Sufis )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(London: Octagon Press, 1964\), p. 141. )Tj
T*
(6. Aquinas, St. Thomas, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Summa Theologica, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(vol. 1 \(New York: Benziger Brothers, 1947\), p. 430. )Tj
T*
(7. Freud, S., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Interpretation of Dreams )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New York: Avon Books, 1965\), p. 93. )Tj
T*
(8. Saint-Denys, H., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Dreams and How to Guide Them )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(London: Duckworth, 1982\). )Tj
T*
(9. Freud, op. cit., p. 93. )Tj
-0.5 -1.2 Td
(10. McCreery, C., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Psychical Phenomena and the Physical World )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(Oxford: Institute of )Tj
1.75 -1.2 Td
(Psychophysical Research, 1973\), p. 88. )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(11. Myers, F. W. H., "Automatic Writing\2273," )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(4, )Tj
1.75 -1.2 Td
(part II \(1887\): 241-42. )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(12. Mach, E., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Analysis of the Sensations, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(2nd ed. \(Jena: Fisher, 1900\), pp. 114-15. )Tj
T*
(13. deBecker, op. cit., p. 139. )Tj
T*
(14. Freud, op cit., p. 611. )Tj
T*
(15. Ibid. )Tj
T*
(16. Ibid. )Tj
T*
(17. van Eeden, F., "A study of dreams," )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(26 )Tj
1.75 -1.2 Td
(\(1913\): 431-61. )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(18. Ibid. )Tj
T*
(19. Ibid. )Tj
T*
(20. Ibid. )Tj
T*
(21. Green, C., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Lucid Dreams )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(Oxford: Institute for Psychophysical Research, 1968\), pp. 142-43. )Tj
T*
(22. Arnold-Forster, M., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Studies in Dreams )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(London: Allen & Unwin, 1921\), p. x. )Tj
T*
(23. Fox, O., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Astral Projection )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New Hyde Park, N.Y.: University Books, 1962\), pp. 32-33. )Tj
T*
(24. Ibid., p. 34. )Tj
T*
(25. Ouspensky, P., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(A New Model of the Universe )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1931, 1960\), p. )Tj
1.75 -1.2 Td
(272. )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(26. Ibid., p. 274. )Tj
T*
(27. Ibid., p. 279-80. )Tj
T*
(28. Moers-Messmer, H. von, "Traume mit der gleichzeitigen Erkenntnis de\
s Traumzustandes," )Tj
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(file:///C|/share/share_topics/LD/\(ebook-HTML\) Stephen LaBerge - Lucid \
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(Archiv f\374r Psychologie, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(102 \(1938\): 291-318. \(Translated by Beth M\374gge.\) )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(29. Ibid. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(30. Ibid. )Tj
T*
(31. Rapport, N., "Pleasant Dreams!" )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Psychiatric Quarterly)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(22 \(1948\): 309-17. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 268.74924 665.64575 Tm
(Chapter 3 )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 32.5 629.39093 Tm
(1. Loomis, A. L.; Harvey, E. N.; and Hobart, G., "Cerebral states durin\
g sleep as studied by human )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(brain potentials," )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Journal of Experiential Psychology, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(21 \(1937\): 127-44. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(2. Blake, H; Gerard, R. W.; and Kleitman, N., "Factors influencing brai\
n potentials during sleep," )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.25 -1.2 Td
(Journal of Neurophysiology )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(2 \(1939\): 48-60. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(3. Aserinsky, E. and Kleitman, N., "Regularly occurring periods of eye \
motility and concomitant )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(phenomena during sleep," )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Science, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(118 \(1953\): 273-74. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(4. Vogel, G.; Foulkes, D.; and Trosman, H., "Ego functions and dreaming\
during sleep onset," )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.25 -1.2 Td
(Archives of General Psychiatry )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(14 \(1966\): 238-48. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(5. Named in honor of radio pioneer Heinrich R. Hertz, the Hertz is toda\
y the internationally )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(accepted unit of frequency equivalent to cycles per second. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(6. Green, C., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Decline and Fall of Science )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1976\), p. 109. )Tj
T*
(7. Ibid.,p. 110-11. )Tj
T*
(8. Faraday, A., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Dream Game )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New York: Harper & Row, 1976\), p. 263. )Tj
T*
(9. DeMille, R. E., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Castaneda's Journey: The Power and the Allegory )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(Santa Barbara: Capra Press, )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(1976\). )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(10. Tact usually prevents me from giving expression to these latter ref\
lections publicly. However, )Tj
1.75 -1.2 Td
(fictional characters have no need to mince words, and several years ago,\
when I asked "don Juan" )Tj
T*
(what he thought of the latest Carlos Castaneda book, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Eagle's Gift)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(, he laughed uncontrollably )Tj
T*
(and bluntly replied: "Bird droppings." I hope Dr. Castaneda, the author,\
appreciates the sense of )Tj
T*
(humor he gave his creation. But then, as the saying goes, "None learned \
the art of archery from )Tj
T*
(me who did not make me, in the end, their target." )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(11. Malcolm, N., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Dreaming )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1959\). )Tj
T*
(12. Ibid., p. 48-50 )Tj
T*
(13. Ibid., p. 50. )Tj
T*
(14. Hartmann, E., "Dreams and other hallucinations: an approach to the \
underlying mechanism," )Tj
1.75 -1.2 Td
(from Siegal, R. K. and West, L. J., eds., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Hallucinations )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1975\), )Tj
T*
(p. 74. )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(15. Berger, R., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Psychosis: The Circularity of Experience )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Co., )Tj
1.75 -1.2 Td
(1977\), p. 121. )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(16. Rechtschaffen, A., "The single-mindedness and isolation of dreams,"\
)Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Sleep )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(1 \(1978\): 97-109. )Tj
T*
(17. Dement, W., "Report IV\(B\): Comments to Report IV" from Lairy, G. \
C., and Salzarilo, P., eds., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
1.75 -1.2 Td
(The Experimental Study of Human Sleep: Methodological Problems )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(Amsterdam: Elsevier, )Tj
T*
(1975\), p. 290. )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(18. Schwartz, B. A. and Lefebvre, A., "Contacts veille/P.M.O. II. Les P\
.M.O. morcele\351s." )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Revue )Tj
1.75 -1.2 Td
(d'Electroencephalographie et de Neurophysiologie Clinique )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(1 \(1973\): 165-76. )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(19. The APSS changed its name to the SRS \(Sleep Research Society\) in \
1983, and back to the APSS )Tj
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(Lucid Dreaming)Tj
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0 0 0 rg
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0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 18 780.17 Tm
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/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New York: Pergamon, 1972\), p. 142. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 268.74924 380.04572 Tm
(Chapter 9 )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 32.5 343.79092 Tm
(1. Nietzsche, F., "Misunderstanding of the dream," Aphorism #5, )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Human All Too Human )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(from )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(Kaufman, W. ed., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Portable Nietzsche )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New York: Viking Press, 1954\), p. 52. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(2. Celia Green \(1967\) asked two samples of undergraduates from two Br\
itish universities whether )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(they had ever had an "experience in which you felt you were 'out of your\
body.' " She received 19 )Tj
T*
(percent positive responses out of 113 subjects in the first sample, and \
34 percent positive )Tj
T*
(responses out of 380 in the second. Hornell Hart \(1954\) received 27 pe\
rcent positive replies from )Tj
T*
(155 Duke University sociology students, while Charles Tart \(1971\) rece\
ived 44 percent positive )Tj
T*
(responses from 150 experienced marijuana users. From D. S. Rogo, ed., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Mind Beyond the Body )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
T*
(\(New York: Penguin, 1978\) p. 36. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(3. Rhine, L. E., "Psychological processes in ESP experiences. Part II, \
Dreams," )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Journal of )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(Parapsychology )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(26 \(1962\): 172-99. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(4. Sheils, D., "A cross-cultural study of beliefs in out-of-the-body ex\
periences, waking and )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(sleeping," )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(49 \(1978\): 691-741. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(5. Priestley, J. B., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Man and Time )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(London: Aldous Books, 1964\), p. 225-26. )Tj
T*
(6. Ullman, M. and Krippner, S., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Dream Telepathy )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New York: MacMillan, 1973\), p. 111. )Tj
T*
(7. Of the 13 experimental studies carried out, 9 yielded statistically \
significant results. Replications )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(in laboratories elsewhere yielded less consistent results: two were posi\
tive, three negative, and )Tj
T*
(one equivocal. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(8. Rogo, D. S., "Introduction: Autobiographical Accounts," from Rogo, D\
. S., ed., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Mind Beyond the )Tj
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9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm
(file:///C|/share/share_topics/LD/\(ebook-HTML\) Stephen LaBerge - Lucid \
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0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 18 780.17 Tm
(Lucid Dreaming)Tj
ET
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/T1_1 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 50 753.97552 Tm
(Body )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New York: Penguin, 1978\), pp. 248-49. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(9. Harary, S. B., "A personal perspective of out-of-body experiences," \
from Rogo, op. cit., pp. 248-)Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(49. )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(10. Ibid., pp. 356-57. )Tj
0 -1.2 TD
(11. deBecker, R., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Understanding of Dreams )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(London: Allen & Unwin, 1965\), p. 249. )Tj
T*
(12. Rowland, E., "A case of visual sensations during sleep," )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Journal of Philosophy )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(6 \(1909\): 353-)Tj
1.75 -1.2 Td
(57. )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(13. Osis, K., "Perspectives for out-of-body research," )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Parapsychology Research, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(3 \(1973\), 110-13. )Tj
T*
(14. deBecker, op. cit., pp. 394-95. )Tj
T*
(15. Fox, O., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Astral Travel )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New York: University Books, 1962\), p. 47. )Tj
T*
(16. deBecker, op. cit., pp. 76-78. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 264.25845 548.04572 Tm
(Chapter 10 )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 32.5 511.79092 Tm
(1. Freud, S., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Metapsychological Supplement to the Theory of Dreams. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(Collected Papers, vol. IV )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(\(London: Hogarth, 1946\) p. 137. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(2. Faraday, A., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Dream Game )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New York: Harper & Row, 1976\), p. 267. )Tj
T*
(3. Mann, T., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Magic Mountain )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New York: Vintage, 1969\), p. 726. )Tj
T*
(4. Ibid., p. 495. )Tj
T*
(5. Ibid., p. 497. )Tj
T*
(6. Ibid., p. 727. )Tj
T*
(7. Moody, R., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Life After Life )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(Atlanta: Mockingbird Books, 1977\), pp. 23-24. )Tj
T*
(8. Gabbard, G. O.; Twenlow, S. T.; and Jones, F. C., "Do 'near-death ex\
periences' occur only near )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(death?" )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(169/\(6\),\(1981\): 374-77. )Tj
-1.25 -1.2 Td
(9. Noyes, R., "Attitude changes following near-death experiences," )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Psychiatry )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(43 \(1980\): 234-41. )Tj
-0.5 -1.2 Td
(10. Bucke, R., quoted in James, W., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Varieties of Religious Experience )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New York: Collier Books, )Tj
1.75 -1.2 Td
(1961\), p. 314. )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(11. Ring, K., "The nature of personal identity in the near-death experi\
ence; Paul Brunton and the )Tj
1.75 -1.2 Td
(ancient tradition," )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Anabiosis )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(4\(1\) \(1984\): 3-20. )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(12. Evans-Wentz, W. Y., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Tibetan Yoga and Secret Doctrines )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(London: Oxford University Press, )Tj
1.75 -1.2 Td
(1935\), p. 167. )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(13. Ibid., p. 166. )Tj
T*
(14. Ibid., p. 222. )Tj
T*
(15. Narayana, R., ed., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(The Dream Problem and Its Many Solutions in Search After Truth, )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(vol. 1 )Tj
1.75 -1.2 Td
(\(Delhi, India: Practical Medicine, 1922\), p. 301-5. )Tj
-1.75 -1.2 Td
(16. Shah, I., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Wisdom of the Idiots )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(London: Octagon Press, 1969\), p. 122-23. )Tj
/T1_2 1 Tf
16.15384 0 0 16.15384 271.89114 121.06113 Tm
(Epilogue)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
14 0 0 14 32.5 84.80632 Tm
(1. Dr. Judith Malamud has pursued a similar approach to "lucid living."\
See her chapter in )Tj
1.25 -1.2 Td
(Gackenbach, J. and LaBerge, S., eds., )Tj
/T1_1 1 Tf
(Lucid Dreaming: New Research on Consciousness During )Tj
T*
(Sleep. )Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
(\(New York: Plenum, in press\). )Tj
ET
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(file:///C|/share/share_topics/LD/\(ebook-HTML\) Stephen LaBerge - Lucid \
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2005-02-03T01:09:54Z
2011-02-28T23:14:19+05:30
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Lucid Dreaming
Stephen LaBerge
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